V-weapons

This article is about the offensive use of the V-weapons and the military campaign in which they were employed. For descriptions of the individual weapons, see V-1 flying bomb, V-2 rocket and V-3 cannon. For other German superweapons, see Wunderwaffe.
V-2 rocket on Meillerwagen.
V-2 rocket victim in Antwerp, Belgium, November 27, 1944.

V-weapons, known in the original German as Vergeltungswaffen (German: "retaliatory weapons", "reprisal weapons"), were a particular set of long-range artillery weapons designed for strategic bombing during World War II, particularly terror bombing and/or aerial bombing of cities.[1][2] They comprised the V-1, a pulsejet-powered cruise missile, the V-2, a liquid-fuelled ballistic missile, and the V-3 cannon. All of these weapons were intended for use in a military campaign against Britain, though only the V-1 and V-2 were so used in a campaign conducted 1944–5. After the invasion of Europe by the Allies, these weapons were also employed against targets on the mainland of Europe.

They were part of the range of the so-called Wunderwaffen (English: superweapons or literally 'wonderweapons') of Nazi Germany.

Development

As early as 28 June 1940, a terror bombing rationale had been advanced for the A4 (V-2 rocket) being developed at a meeting between Army Ordnance Chief Emil Leeb and Commander-in-Chief of the Wehrmacht, Walther von Brauchitsch.[3] Following the relative failure of the Baedeker Raids on Britain in 1942, development of both flying bomb and rocket accelerated, with Britain designated as the target.[4] On September 29, 1943, Albert Speer publicly promised retribution against the mass bombing of German cities by a 'secret weapon.'[5] Then the official 24 June 1944 Reich Propaganda Ministry announcement of the "Vergeltungswaffe 1" guided missile implied there would be another such weapon.[6] After the first operational A-4 launch in September 1944, the rocket was renamed the V-2.[7] (although no one knows exactly who gave it this name).[8] However, the V-2 operations manual distributed to firing batteries continued to use the A-4 name for the rocket.[9]:80

V-weapons offensive on Britain 1944–45

The V-1

A V-1 is rolled out

Beginning in October 1943, launch sites for the V-1 were constructed in Northern France, along the coast from Calais to Le Havre. Aerial bombing attacks on these sites by the Allied airforce were only partially successful and by June 1944 they were ready for action.[10] Prompted by the Normandy Landings of June 6, in the early morning of June 13, 1944, the first V-1 flying bomb attack was carried out on London.[4][11] Ten missiles were launched of which four reached England. The first of these impacted near Swanscombe, causing no casualties. At Bethnal Green, however, a bridge was destroyed and six people killed and nine injured.[12] After the 15th the attacks became sustained at a rate of about 100 a day.[11] With the first attack the British put their pre-planned Operation Diver (after their codename "Diver" used for the V-1) into action.

The buzzing sound of the V-1's pulse jet engine was likened by some to "a motor cycle in bad running order". As it reached its target and dived, the sound of the propulsion unit spluttering and cutting out, followed by an eerie hush before impact, was quite terrifying, though the silence was also a warning to seek shelter (later V-1s were corrected to have the originally-intended power dive).[13] At least one business in London advertised how quickly a patron could access a nearby shelter. Despite this, the cloudy and rainy conditions of June and July aided the effectiveness of the weapon and casualties were high. By late August a million and a half people had left London and the rate of work production was affected.[14] By the late summer and autumn, however, increasingly effective countermeasures against the V-1 were taken and people started returning to London.[15]

A total of 9,251 V-1s were fired at targets in Britain, with the vast majority aimed at London; 2,515 reached the city, killing 6,184 civilians and injuring 17,981. Croydon to the south, on the flight path of the V1s suffered severely taking 142 hits.[16]

The V-2

The aftermath of V-2 strike at Battersea, London (27 January 1945)

V-2 rocket launching sites were set up by the Germans around The Hague in the Netherlands on 6 September 1944. The first was launched from here against London on 8 September 1944 and took an estimated 5 minutes to fly the 200 miles from the Hague to London where it struck at 6.43pm on 8 September on Chiswick causing thirteen casualties.[17] As the V2 explosions came without warning, the government initially attempted to conceal their cause by blaming them on defective gas mains. However, the public was not fooled and soon began sardonically referring to the V-2's as "Flying gas pipes".[18]

By October the offensive became sustained. A particularly devastating strike was on 25 November 1944 when a V-2 exploded at the Woolworth's store in New Cross Road (marked by a plaque on the site now occupied by an Iceland supermarket) killing 168 people and seriously injuring 121.[19] Intercepting the supersonic V-2 missiles in flight proved virtually impossible and other counter measures, such as bombing the launch sites, were fairly ineffectual. Sustained bombardment continued until March 1945. The very last missiles arrived on 27 March 1945, with one of them killing 134 people and injuring 49 when it hit a block of flats in Stepney.[20]

1,115 V-2s were fired at the United Kingdom. The vast majority of them were aimed at London, though about 40 targeted (and missed) Norwich. They killed an estimated 2,754 people in London with another 6,523 injured. A further 2,917 service personnel were killed as a result of the V weapon campaign. Since the V-2 was supersonic and could not be heard (and was rarely seen) as it approached the target, its psychological effect "suffered in comparison to the V-1."[21]

The V-weapon offensive ended in March 1945, with the last V-2 landing in Kent on March 27 and the last V-1 two days later. In terms of casualties their effects had been less than their inventors hoped or their victims feared, though the damage to property was extensive, with 20,000 houses a day being damaged at the height of the campaign, causing a massive housing crisis in south-east England in late 1944 and early 1945.[22]

The existential horror of the V-2 attack on London is the theme of Thomas Pynchon's novel Gravity's Rainbow.[23]

The V-3

The V-3 cannon, also designed to fire on London, was never used for this purpose due to Allied attacks on the launch facilities, specially the fortress of Mimoyecques, and the offensive in northern Europe in 1944, overrunning the launch sites. Consequently, its use was diverted, in the winter of 1944, to bombard Luxembourg, with minimal results.[24]

For use of the letter V to designate experimental (German: Versuchsmuster)[25] V-2 rockets, see List of V-2 test launches.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Basil Collier (1976) The Battle of the V-Weapons. Morley, The Elmfield Press: 138
  2. ↑ "V-WEAPONS (CROSSBOW) CAMPAIGN". All World Wars. Retrieved 2008-10-19.
  3. ↑ Neufeld, Michael J (1995). The Rocket and the Reich: Peenemünde and the Coming of the Ballistic Missile Era. New York: The Free Press. pp. 137, 237. ISBN 0-02-922895-6.
  4. 1 2 Basil Collier (1976) The Battle of the V-Weapons. Morley, The Elmfield Press: 15-16
  5. ↑ Henshall, Philip (1985). Hitler's Rocket Sites. New York: St Martin's Press. p. 128.
  6. ↑ Johnson, David (1981/1982). V-1, V-2: Hitler's Vengeance on London. Stein and Day. p. 80. ISBN 0-8128-2858-5. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  7. ↑ Irving, David (1964). The Mare's Nest. London: William Kimber and Co. p. 288.
  8. ↑ Klee, Ernst; Merk, Otto (English translation: 1965) [1963]. The Birth of the Missile:The Secrets of Peenemünde. Hamburg: Gerhard Stalling Verlag. p. 47. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  9. ↑ McGovern, J (1964). Crossbow and Overcast. New York: W. Morrow. p. 80.
  10. ↑ Basil Collier (1976) The Battle of the V-Weapons. Morley, The Elmfield Press: 160-3
  11. 1 2 Angus Calder (1971) The People's War: Britain 1939-1945: 645
  12. ↑ Basil Collier (1976) The Battle of the V-Weapons. Morley, The Elmfield Press: 74-5
  13. ↑ Basil Collier (1976) The Battle of the V-Weapons. Morley, The Elmfield Press: 80
  14. ↑ Basil Collier (1976) The Battle of the V-Weapons. Morley, The Elmfield Press: 11-12, 80-1, 125
  15. ↑ Angus Calder (1971) The People's War: Britain 1939-1945: 646-7
  16. ↑ Angus Calder (1971) The People's War: Britain 1939-1945: 647
  17. ↑ Basil Collier (1976) The Battle of the V-Weapons. Morley, The Elmfield Press: 113, 170
  18. ↑ King, Benjamin (2009). Impact: The History Of Germany's V Weapons in World War II. De Capo Press. p. 244. ISBN 0786751673.
  19. ↑ Basil Collier (1976) The Battle of the V-Weapons. Morley, The Elmfield Press: 129
  20. ↑ Basil Collier (1976) The Battle of the V-Weapons. Morley, The Elmfield Press: 135
  21. ↑ Wade, Mark. "V-2". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Retrieved 2008-10-21.
  22. ↑ Angus Calder (1971) The People's War: Britain 1939-1945: 646-50
  23. ↑ Review of Gravity's Rainbow
  24. ↑ Max Hastings (2004) Armageddon: The Battle for Germany 1944-5: 196
  25. ↑ Hinsley, FH (1993). British Intelligence in the Second World War. London: HMSO. ISBN 0-11-630956-3.
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