Verification and validation

"IV&V" redirects here. For NASA's IV&V Facility, see Independent Verification and Validation Facility.

Verification and validation are independent procedures that are used together for checking that a product, service, or system meets requirements and specifications and that it fulfills its intended purpose.[1] These are critical components of a quality management system such as ISO 9000. The words "verification" and "validation" are sometimes preceded with "independent", indicating that the verification and validation is to be performed by a disinterested third party. "Independent verification and validation" can be abbreviated as "IV&V".

In practice, the usage of these terms varies. Sometimes they are even used interchangeably.

The PMBOK guide, a standard adopted by IEEE, defines them as follows in its 4th edition:[2]

Overview

Verification is intended to check that a product, service, or system (or portion thereof, or set thereof) meets a set of design specifications. In the development phase, verification procedures involve performing special tests to model or simulate a portion, or the entirety, of a product, service or system, then performing a review or analysis of the modeling results. In the post-development phase, verification procedures involve regularly repeating tests devised specifically to ensure that the product, service, or system continues to meet the initial design requirements, specifications, and regulations as time progresses. It is a process that is used to evaluate whether a product, service, or system complies with regulations, specifications, or conditions imposed at the start of a development phase. Verification can be in development, scale-up, or production. This is often an internal process.

Validation is intended to ensure a product, service, or system (or portion thereof, or set thereof) results in a product, service, or system (or portion thereof, or set thereof) that meets the operational needs of the user. For a new development flow or verification flow, validation procedures may involve modeling either flow and using simulations to predict faults or gaps that might lead to invalid or incomplete verification or development of a product, service, or system (or portion thereof, or set thereof). A set of validation requirements (as defined by the user), specifications, and regulations may then be used as a basis for qualifying a development flow or verification flow for a product, service, or system (or portion thereof, or set thereof). Additional validation procedures also include those that are designed specifically to ensure that modifications made to an existing qualified development flow or verification flow will have the effect of producing a product, service, or system (or portion thereof, or set thereof) that meets the initial design requirements, specifications, and regulations; these validations help to keep the flow qualified. It is a process of establishing evidence that provides a high degree of assurance that a product, service, or system accomplishes its intended requirements. This often involves acceptance of fitness for purpose with end users and other product stakeholders. This is often an external process.

It is sometimes said that validation can be expressed by the query "Are you building the right thing?"[3] and verification by "Are you building it right?".[3] "Building the right thing" refers back to the user's needs, while "building it right" checks that the specifications are correctly implemented by the system. In some contexts, it is required to have written requirements for both as well as formal procedures or protocols for determining compliance.

It is entirely possible that a product passes when verified but fails when validated. This can happen when, say, a product is built as per the specifications but the specifications themselves fail to address the user’s needs.

Activities

Verification of machinery and equipment usually consists of design qualification (DQ), installation qualification (IQ), operational qualification (OQ), and performance qualification (PQ). DQ may be performed by a vendor or by the user, by confirming through review and testing that the equipment meets the written acquisition specification. If the relevant document or manuals of machinery/equipment are provided by vendors, the later 3Q needs to be thoroughly performed by the users who work in an industrial regulatory environment. Otherwise, the process of IQ, OQ and PQ is the task of validation. The typical example of such a case could be the loss or absence of vendor's documentation for legacy equipment or do-it-yourself (DIY) assemblies (e.g., cars, computers etc.) and, therefore, users should endeavour to acquire DQ document beforehand. Each template of DQ, IQ, OQ and PQ usually can be found on the internet respectively, whereas the DIY qualifications of machinery/equipment can be assisted either by the vendor's training course materials and tutorials, or by the published guidance books, such as step-by-step series if the acquisition of machinery/equipment is not bundled with on- site qualification services. This kind of the DIY approach is also applicable to the qualifications of software, computer operating systems and a manufacturing process. The most important and critical task as the last step of the activity is to generating and archiving machinery/equipment qualification reports for auditing purposes, if regulatory compliances are mandatory.

Qualification of machinery/equipment is venue dependent, in particular items that are shock sensitive and require balancing or calibration, and re-qualification needs to be conducted once the objects are relocated. The full scales of some equipment qualifications are even time dependent as consumables are used up (i.e. filters) or springs stretch out, requiring recalibration, and hence re-certification is necessary when a specified due time lapse.[4][5] Re-qualification of machinery/equipment should also be conducted when replacement of parts, or coupling with another device, or installing a new application software and restructuring of the computer which affects especially the pre-settings, such as on BIOS, registry, disk drive partition table, dynamically-linked (shared) libraries, or an ini file etc., have been necessary. In such a situation, the specifications of the parts/devices/software and restructuring proposals should be appended to the qualification document whether the parts/devices/software are genuine or not. Torres and Hyman have discussed the suitability of non genuine parts for clinical use and provided guidelines for equipment users to select appropriate substitutes which are capable to avoid adverse effects.[6] In the case when genuine parts/devices/software are demanded by some of regulatory requirements, then re-qualification does not need to be conducted on the non genuine assemblies. Instead, the asset has to be recycled for non regulatory purposes.

When machinery/equipment qualification is conducted by a standard endorsed third party such as by an ISO standard accredited company for a particular division, the process is called certification.[7][8] Currently, the coverage of ISO/IEC 15408 certification by an ISO/IEC 27001 accredited organization is limited, the scheme requires a fair amount of efforts to get popularized.

Categories of validation

Validation work can generally be categorized by the following functions:

Some of the examples could be validation of:
  • ancient scriptures that remain controversial[21][22]
  • clinical decision rules[23]
  • data systems[24][25]
In GLP accredited laboratories, verification/revalidation will even be conducted very often against the monographs of the Ph.Eur., IP to cater for multinational needs or USP and BP etc to cater for national needs.[36] These laboratories must have method validation as well.[37]

Aspects of validation

The most tested attributes in validation tasks may include, but are not limited to

  • their intensive labouring demands and time consumption [45]
  • their confinements by the definition of the term defined by different standards.
To solve this kind of difficulties, some regulatory bodies or compendial methods usually provide the advices on what the circumstances or conditions that the performing of a specified system suitability test should be applied and compulsory.

Industry references

These terms generally apply broadly across industries and institutions. In addition, they may have very specific meanings and requirements for specific products, regulations, and industries. Some examples:

See also

Further reading

Majcen, N.; Taylor, P. (2010). "Practical examples on traceability, measurement uncertainty and validation in chemistry" 1. European Union: 217. ISBN 978-92-79-12021-3. 

External links

Notes and references

  1. Global Harmonization Task Force - Quality Management Systems - Process Validation Guidance (GHTF/SG3/N99-10:2004 (Edition 2) page 3
  2. IEEE. "IEEE Guide--Adoption of the Project Management Institute (PMI®) Standard A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK® Guide)--Fourth Edition". p. 452. doi:10.1109/IEEESTD.2011.6086685. Retrieved 7 December 2012.
  3. 1 2 Barry Boehm, Software Engineering Economics, 1981
  4. Analytical & Precision Balance Co. "Welcome". Retrieved 18 March 2008.
  5. Scientech. "External Calibration". Retrieved 18 March 2008.
  6. Torres, Rebecca E.; William A. Hyman (2007). "Replacement Parts-Identical, Suitable, or Inappropriate?". Retrieved 29 March 2008.
  7. AppLabs. "ISV, IHV Certification Programs". Archived from the original on 16 February 2008. Retrieved 26 March 2008.
  8. AppLabs. "AppLabs attains ISO27001:2005 accreditation". Retrieved 26 March 2008.
  9. 1 2 3 "Guideline on general principles of process validation". U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Retrieved 12 July 2008.
  10. "Prospective validation". Groupe Novasep. Retrieved 24 September 2008.
  11. Quinn, James; McDermott, D; Stiell, I; Kohn, M; Wells, G; et al. (2006). "Prospective Validation of the San Francisco Syncope Rule to Predict Patients With Serious Outcomes". Annals of Emergency Medicine (Elsevier) 47 (5): 448–454. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2005.11.019. PMID 16631985.
  12. Sangiovanni, A.; Manini, M; Iavarone, M; Fraquelli, M; Forzenigo, L; Romeo, R; Ronchi, G; Colombo, M; et al. (2007). "Prospective validation of AASLD guidelines for the early diagnosis of epatocellular carcinoma in cirrhotic patients". Digestive and Liver Disease (Elsevier) 40 (5): A22–A23. doi:10.1016/j.dld.2007.12.064.
  13. Germing, U.; Strupp, C; Kuendgen, A; Isa, S; Knipp, S; Hildebrandt, B; Giagounidis, A; Aul, C; et al. (2006). "Prospective validation of the WHO proposals for the classification of myelodysplastic syndromes". Haematologica 91 (12): 1596–1604. PMID 17145595. Retrieved 24 September 2008.
  14. Sciolla, Rossella; Melis, F; Sinpac, Group; et al. (2008). "Rapid Identification of High-Risk Transient Ischemic Attacks: Prospective Validation of the ABCD Score". Stroke (American Heart Association) 39 (2): 297–302. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.107.496612. PMID 18174479.
  15. Pfisterer, Matthias; Bertel, O; Bonetti, P; Brunnerlarocca, H; Eberli, F; Erne, P; Galatius, S; Hornig, B; et al. (2008). "Drug-eluting or bare-metal stents forlarge coronary vessel stenting? The BASKET-PROVE (PROspective Validation Examination) trial: Study protocol and design". American Heart Journal (Mosby-Year Book Inc.) 115 (4): 609–614. doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2007.11.011. Retrieved 24 September 2008.
  16. Van Geest-Daalderop, Johanna H. H.; Hutten, Barbara A.; Péquériaux, Nathalie C. V.; Levi, Marcel; Sturk, Augueste; et al. (2008). "Improvement in the regulation of the vitamin K antagonist acenocoumarol after a standard initial dose regimen: prospective validation of a prescription model". Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis (Springer) 27 (2): 207. doi:10.1007/s11239-008-0203-4.
  17. Ames, D.; Keogh, A.M.; Adams, J.; Harrigan, S.; Allen, N.; et al. (1996). "Prospective validation of the EBAS-DEP — A short sensitive screening instrument for depression in the physically ill elderly". European Psychiatry (Elsevier) 11 (Supplement 4): 361s. doi:10.1016/0924-9338(96)89148-6.
  18. Kidwell, Chelsea S.; Starkman, S; Eckstein, M; Weems, K; Saver, JL; et al. (2000). "Identifying Stroke in the Field: Prospective Validation of the Los Angeles Prehospital Stroke Screen (LAPSS)". Stroke (American Heart Association) 31 (1): 71–76. doi:10.1161/01.str.31.1.71. PMID 10625718. Retrieved 24 September 2008.
  19. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. "Ch. 4 PROCESS VALIDATION in Medical Device Quality Systems Manual". Retrieved 6 August 2009.
  20. Groupe Novasep. "Retrospective validation". Retrieved 24 September 2008.
  21. Vieth, Erich. "Who changed the Bible and why? Bart Ehrman’s startling answers". Retrieved 28 August 2013.
  22. Arlandson, James M. "Domestic violence in Islam". Retrieved 17 October 2008.
  23. Hart, D.; S.W. Smith (2007). "Retrospective Validation of a Clinical Decision Rule to Safely Rule Out Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in Emergency Department Headache Patients". Annals of Emergency Medicine 50 (3): S102–S103. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2007.06.388.
  24. Kluger, Michael D.; et al. "Retrospective Validation of a Surveillance System for Unexplained Illness and Death: New Haven County, Connecticut". Retrieved 26 September 2008.
  25. Fine, Leon G.; et al. "How to evaluate and improve the quality and credibility of an outcomes database: validation and feedback study on the UK Cardiac Surgery Experience". Retrieved 26 September 2008.
  26. Department of Health (United Kingdom). "The White Paper Trust, assurance and safety: The regulation of health professionals". Retrieved 30 September 2008.
  27. Merkur, Sherry. "Physician revalidation in Europe". Royal College of Physicians. Retrieved 30 September 2008.
  28. Australian Pesticides & Veterinary Medicines Authority (2004). "Guidelines for the Validation of Analytical Methods for Active Constituent, Agricultural and Veterinary Chemical Products" (PDF). Retrieved 12 July 2009.
  29. Bressolle, Françoise; Brometpetit, M; Audran, M; et al. (1996). "Validation of liquid chromatographic and gas chromatographic methods Applications to pharmacokinetics". Journal of Chromatography B 686 (1): 3–10. doi:10.1016/S0378-4347(96)00088-6.
  30. Peptisyntha S.A. (2009). "Commercial scale production". Archived from the original on 31 May 2009. Retrieved 12 July 2009.
  31. del Rosario Alemán, María (2007). "Downstream Processing: A Revalidation Study of Viral Clearance in the Purification of Monoclonal Antibody CB.Hep-1". Retrieved 12 July 2009.
  32. El Eman, Khaled; Brown, A; Abdelmalik, P; et al. (2009). "Evaluating Predictors of Geographic Area Population Size Cut-offs to Manage Re-identification Risk" (PDF). Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association 16 (2): 256–266. doi:10.1197/jamia.M2902. PMC 2649314. PMID 19074299. Retrieved 12 July 2009.
  33. Tollman, Stephen M; Kahn, Kathleen; Sartorius, Benn; Collinson, Mark A; Clark, Samuel J; Garenne, Michel L; et al. (2008). "Implications of mortality transition for primary health care in rural South Africa: a population-based surveillance study". Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association 372 (9642): 893–901. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61399-9. PMC 2602585. PMID 18790312.
  34. United States Department of Health & Human Services (2009). "Warning Letter (WL No. 320-08-04)" (PDF). Retrieved 12 July 2009.
  35. Health Canada (2004). "Validation Guidelines for Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms (GUIDE-0029)". Retrieved 12 July 2009.
  36. Food and Drug Administration (United States) (May 2001). "Guidance for Industry: Bioanalytical Method Validation" (PDF). Retrieved 12 July 2009.
  37. Method Validation; http://www.caspharma.com/Method-Validation/
  38. Health Sciences Authority. "Guidance Notes on Analytical Method Validation: Methodology" (PDF). Retrieved 29 September 2008.
  39. Heyden, Y. Vander; S.W. Smith; et al. (2001). "Guidance for robustness/ruggedness tests in method validation". Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis (Elsevier) 24 (5–6): 723–753. doi:10.1016/S0731-7085(00)00529-X. PMID 11248467.
  40. Ermer, Joachim; John H. McB. Miller (2005). Method Validation in Pharmaceutical Analysis: A Guide to best Practice. Wiley-VCH. p. 418. ISBN 3-527-31255-2.
  41. "Calibration of dissolution test apparatus (USP apparatus 1 and 2) – SOP".
  42. Szsz, Gy.; Gyimesi-Forrás, K.; Budvári-Bárány, Zs.; et al. (1998). "Optimized and Validated HPLC Methods for Compendial Quality Assessment. III. Testing of Optical Purity Applying 1-Acid-Glycoprotein Stationary Phase". Journal of Liquid Chromatography & Related Technologies 21 (16): 2535–2547. doi:10.1080/10826079808003597.
  43. Agilent. "System suitability testing for Aripiprazole quality control with the Agilent 1120 Compact LC and ZORBAX C-18 columns" (PDF). Retrieved 29 June 2009.
  44. Li, Yong-guo; Chen, M; Chou, GX; Wang, ZT; Hu, ZB; et al. (2004). "Ruggedness/robustness evaluation and system suitability test on United States Pharmacopoeia XXVI assay ginsenosides in Asian and American ginseng by high-performance liquid chromatography". Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 35 (5): 1083–1091. doi:10.1016/j.jpba.2004.04.005. PMID 15336355.
  45. 日本药局方. "Japanese Pharmacopoeia". Retrieved 29 June 2009.
  46. 1 2 Archived 6 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine.
  47. Nash, Robert A.; et al. (2003). Pharmaceutical Process Validation: An International Third Edition. Informa Healthcare. p. 860. ISBN 0-8247-0838-5.
  48. De Caris, Sandro; et al. "Risk-based equipment qualification: a user/supplier cooperative approach" (PDF). Retrieved 15 June 2008.
  49. Ocampo, Arlene; Lum, Steven; Chow, Frank; et al. (2007). "Current challenges for FDA-regulated bioanalytical laboratories for human (BA/BE) studies. Part I: defining the appropriate compliance standards – application of the principles of FDA GLP and FDA GMP to bioanalytical laboratories". The Quality Assurance Journal (John Wiley & Sons) 11 (1): 3–15. doi:10.1002/qaj.399.
  50. "Guidance for Industry: Investigating Out-of-Specification (OOS) Test Results for Pharmaceutical Production" (PDF). Food and Drug Administration (United States). 2006. Retrieved 12 July 2009.
  51. "Guidance for Industry: Cybersecurity for Networked Medical Devices Containing Off-the Shelf (OTS) Software" (PDF). Food and Drug Administration. 14 January 2005. Retrieved 12 July 2009.
  52. "General Principles of Software validation; Final Guidance for Industry and FDA Staff" (PDF). Food and Drug Administration (United States). 11 January 2002. Retrieved 12 July 2009.
  53. "Guidance for Industry and FDA Staff: Medical Device User Fee and Modernization Act of 2002, Validation Data in Premarket Notification Submissions (510(k)s) for Reprocessed Single-Use Medical Devices" (PDF). Food and Drug Administration. 25 September 2006. Retrieved 12 July 2009.
  54. "Guide to inspections validation of cleaning processes". Food and Drug Administration (United States). July 1993. Retrieved 12 July 2009.
  55. Nassani, Mowafak. "Cleaning validation in the pharmaceutical industry". Retrieved 20 March 2008.
  56. Bharadia, Praful D.; Jignyasha A. Bhatt. "A review of current implementation strategies for validation of cleaning processes in the pharmaceutical industry". Retrieved 20 March 2008.
  57. "Discussion Paper On Proposed Draft Guidelines For The Validation Of Food Hygiene Control Measures" (PDF). Retrieved 10 February 2011.
  58. http://www.transfusionguidelines.org.uk/docs/pdfs/oig_tools_qa_bb_e-issue_validation.pdf
  59. http://www.caa.co.uk/docs/68/in01_731.pdf
  60. "IEEE Xplore – Aerospace nickel-cadmium cell verification-final report". Ieeexplore.ieee.org. 7 August 2002. doi:10.1109/BCAA.2001.905101. Retrieved 10 February 2011.
  61. "Improving the efficiency of verification and validation". Inderscience.com. Retrieved 19 September 2011.
  62. Masako, Tsujimoto. "Verification of genetic recombination by hypha fusion of Pyricularia oryzas using transducing gene as marker. (the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Natl. Agricultural Res. Center S).". Retrieved 20 March 2008.
  63. Vollmer-Sanders, Carrie Lynn; et al. "Implications of the Voluntary Michigan Agriculture Environmental Assurance Program (MAEAP) Verification on Livestock Operations, 2000–2004". Retrieved 20 March 2008.
  64. Haboudane, Driss; et al. (2004). "Hyperspectral vegetation indices and novel algorithms for predicting green LAI of crop canopies: Modeling and validation in the context of precision agriculture". Accreditation and Quality Assurance (Elsevier) 90 (3): 337–352. doi:10.1016/j.rse.2003.12.013.
  65. Thorp, Kelly; et al. "Using cross-validation to evaluate ceres-maize yield simulations within a decision support system for precision agriculture". Retrieved 20 March 2008.
  66. Randolph, Susan; et al. "Monitoring the Realization of the Right to Food: Adaptation and Validation of the U.S. Department of Agriculture Food Insecurity Module to Rural Senegal". Retrieved 20 March 2008.
  67. Pruitt, Kirk; Ryan Paul Chamberlain. "Method and system for authenticating appraisal reports". Retrieved 15 September 2008.
This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the Sunday, March 27, 2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.