Vladimir Bukovsky

Vladimir Konstantinovich Bukovsky

Bukovsky at the Sakharov Congress in Amsterdam, 21 May 1987
Native name Владимир Константинович Буковский
Born (1942-12-30) December 30, 1942
Belebey, Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
Nationality Russian
Citizenship Soviet Union (1942–1991)
Great Britain (1976–present)
Russian Federation (1992–2014)
Alma mater University of Cambridge, Stanford University
Occupation Human right activist, writer, neurophysiologist
Known for Human rights activism with participation in the Mayakovsky Square poetry readings, the Campaign Against Psychiatric Abuse and struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union, Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation, The Freedom Association
Movement Dissident movement in the Soviet Union, Solidarnost
Awards The Thomas S. Szasz Award for Outstanding Contributions to the Cause of Civil Liberties,[1] Truman-Reagan Medal of Freedom

Vladimir Konstantinovich Bukovsky (Russian: Влади́мир Константи́нович Буко́вский; born 30 December 1942 in Belebey, Bashkir ASSR) was prominent in the Soviet dissident movement of the 1960s and 1970s and spent twelve years in prisons, labor camps, and psychiatric prison-hospitals within the Soviet Union. Since being expelled from the country in late 1976 he has remained in active and vocal opposition to the Soviet system and the shortcomings of its successor regimes in Russia. A writer,[2] neurophysiologist,[3][4] and activist, he is celebrated for his part in the campaign to expose and halt the political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union.[5]

Following Bukovsky's youthful involvement with the revived Mayakovsky Square poetry readings he was held in psychiatric prison-hospitals from May 1963 to July 1966, with a few brief months of release in 1965. One of the first to alert human rights activists to the growing use of indefinite psychiatric imprisonment against opponents of the regime, Bukovsky would spend a further nine years of confinement in Soviet psychiatric prison-hospitals, labor camps and prisons. After months of negotiation between the Soviet and US governments, he was exchanged in December 1976 for Luis Corvalán, the general secretary of the Communist Party of Chile. Following a short stay in the Netherlands Bukovsky settled in the United Kingdom.

Today he is a member of the international advisory council for the Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation,[6] a director of the Gratitude Fund set up in 1998 to commemorate and support former dissidents,[c 1] a member of the International Council of the New York-based Human Rights Foundation, and a Senior Fellow of the Cato Institute in Washington.[7] In 2001, Vladimir Bukovsky received the Truman-Reagan Medal of Freedom which has been awarded annually since 1993 by the Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation.[8]

Early life

Vladimir Bukovsky was born in the town of Belebey in the Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (today the Republic of Bashkortostan in the Russian Federation), to which his family was evacuated during World War II. After the war he and his parents returned to Moscow where his father Konstantin (1908–1976) was a well-known Soviet journalist.[9] During his last year at school Vladimir was expelled for creating and editing an unauthorized magazine. In order to meet the requirements to apply for a university place he completed his secondary education at evening classes.[10]

Activism and imprisonment

The 1960s

In September 1960 Bukovsky entered Moscow University to study biology. There he and some friends decided to revive the informal Mayakovsky Square poetry readings which began after the 1958 unveiling of a statue to the poet in central Moscow.[11] They made contact with earlier participants of the readings such as Vladimir Osipov,[12] and Yuri Galanskov. Osipov was editor of Boomerang (1960), while Galanskov issued Phoenix (1961), both examples of literary samizdat.[13]:17–19

It was then that the 19-year-old Bukovsky wrote his critical notes on the Komsomol. Later they were given the title "Theses on the Collapse of the Komsomol" by the KGB. These portrayed the USSR as an "illegal society" facing an acute ideological crisis. The Communist Youth League or Komsomol was "moribund", Bukovsky asserted, having lost both moral and spiritual authority, and he called for its democratisation.[14] This text and his other activities brought Bukovsky to the attention of the authorities. He was interrogated twice before being thrown out of the university in autumn 1961.[15]

In May 1963, Bukovsky was detained and convicted under Article 70.1 ("Anti-Soviet agitation and propaganda") of the RSFSR Criminal Code. The official charge was the making and possession of photocopies of anti-Soviet literature, namely two copies of the banned work The New Class by Milovan Djilas.[15] Bukovsky was examined by Soviet psychiatrists, declared to be mentally ill, and sent for treatment at the Special Psychiatric Hospital in Leningrad. He remained there almost two years, until February 1965.[15] There he became acquainted with fellow inmate General Petro Grigorenko.[16]

In December 1965, Bukovsky helped prepare a demonstration on Pushkin Square in central Moscow to protest against the trial of the writers Andrei Sinyavsky and Yuli Daniel. He circulated the "Civic Appeal" by mathematician and poet Alexander Esenin-Volpin, which called on the authorities to obey the Soviet laws requiring glasnost in the judicial process, e.g. the admission of the public and the media to any trial.[15] The demonstration on 5 December 1965 (Constitution Day) became known as the Glasnost Meeting or rally, and marked the beginning of the openly active Soviet civil rights movement. Bukovsky was unable to attend: three days earlier he was arrested, charged with distributing the appeal, and kept in various psikhushkas until July 1966.[15]

In January 1967 Bukovsky, Vadim Delaunay and Evgeny Kushev were arrested for organizing and taking part in another Moscow demonstration. The 22 January 1967 gathering, also on Pushkin Square, was a protest against the arrest of Alexander Ginzburg and Yuri Galanskov, who finally went on trial in January 1968,[17][18][19]:136 and against the introduction of Article 190.3, a new law classifying any public gatherings or demonstrations as a crime.[20] On 1 September 1967 at his own trial Bukovsky used his final words to attack the regime's failure to respect the law or follow legal procedures. He invoked Article 125 of the (still current) 1936 Soviet Constitution to defend the right to organize demonstrations and other public protests. He further suggested that the prosecution had repeatedly failed to observe the revised 1961 Code of Criminal Procedure in its conduct of the case.[21]:74–75

Bukovsky's final words in court circulated widely in a samizdat collection of such addresses[22] and as part of a collection of materials about the demonstration and subsequent trials compiled by Pavel Litvinov.[23]:87–95[24]:37–43 Fellow protestors Vadim Delaunay and Evgeny Kushev received suspended jail sentences and were released.[15] Bukovsky was given three years in an "ordinary regime" corrective labor camp, and was sent to Bor in the Voronezh Region to serve his sentence. He was released in January 1970.[25]

Campaign against abuse of psychiatry

The psychiatric hospital or psikhushka was used in the 1960s and 1970s by the Soviet authorities as a form of punishment and deterrence, imprisoning healthy individuals among mentally ill and often dangerous patients and forcing them to take various psychotropic drugs.[c 2]

In 1971 Bukovsky managed to smuggle to the West over 150 pages documenting abuse of psychiatric institutions for political reasons in the Soviet Union. In an accompanying letter, addressed to "Western psychiatrists" and written in a deliberately restrained tone, Bukovsky asked them to consider if the evidence justified the isolation of several dissidents, and urged them to discuss the matter at the next International Congress of Psychiatrists.[13]:138–141[26][27]:29–30

"In recent years in our country a number of court orders have been made involving the placing in psychiatric hospitals ("of special type" and otherwise) of people who in the opinion of their relatives and close friends are mentally healthy. These people are: Grigorenko, Rips, Gorbanevskaya, Novodvorskaya,[c 3] Ivan Yakhimovich,[c 4] Vladimir Gershuni,[c 5] Victor Fainberg,[c 6] Victor Kuznetsov,[c 7] Olga Ioffe,[c 8] Vladimir E. Borisov [c 9] and others – people well known for their initiative in defence of civil rights in the USSR.

This phenomenon arouses justified anxiety, especially in view of the widely publicized placing of the biologist Zhores Medvedev in a psychiatric hospital by extra-judicial means.

— Bukovsky's 1971 letter addressed to Western Psychiatrists[28][29]:80–81

The documents were released to the press in March 1971 by a small French group called the International Committee for the Defence of Human Rights, and Bukovsky's letter appeared in The Times (London) and the British Journal of Psychiatry[26][28][29]:79; 82 Bukovsky was arrested the same month, to be tried in January 1972.[15]

Meanwhile, the information he had gathered and sent to the West galvanized human rights activists worldwide and those within the Soviet Union. It also struck a chord among psychiatrists. In September that year 44 European psychiatrists wrote to The Times (London) expressing grave doubts about the diagnoses of the six people concerned.[30] At a meeting in November 1971, the World Federation for Mental Health called on its members to investigate the charges and defend the right to free opinion where it was threatened.[29]:85 These responses were carefully documented by the dissident human rights periodical Chronicle of Current Events, which also recorded the many statements made by Bukovsky's friends and fellow rights activists in his defence. As the person at the centre of this unprecedented international row, Bukovsky waited in almost total isolation, without access to a lawyer, to be tried and sent to the camps or a special psychiatric hospital.[c 10]

Responding to public pressure,[31] the World Psychiatric Association finally condemned Soviet practices at its Sixth World Congress in 1977 and set up a review committee to monitor misuse.[27]:111 In 1983 the Soviet representatives withdrew from the World Psychiatric Association rather than face expulsion.[27]:42–44 Bukovsky later characterized this reaction as "the most important victory for the dissident form of glasnost".[32]:144

Following the release of the documents, Bukovsky was denounced in Pravda as a "malicious hooligan, engaged in anti-Soviet activities" and arrested on 29 March 1971.[c 11] Bukovsky spent approximately three months in a psychiatric institution, but in November 1971 a committee from the Serbsky Institute pronounced him mentally sound.[33]

At his trial in January 1972 Bukovsky was accused of slandering Soviet psychiatry, contacts with foreign journalists, and the possession and distribution of samizdat. On this occasion he again used his final words to the court to reach a far wider audience when the text circulated in samizdat.[c 12] He was sentenced to two years in prison, five in a labor camp, and five more in internal exile.[24]:31–32[c 13]

While in prison Bukovsky and fellow inmate psychiatrist Semyon Gluzman jointly wrote A Manual on Psychiatry for Dissidents published in Russian,[34] English,[35] French,[36] Italian,[37] German,[38] Danish.[39] It instructed potential victims of political psychiatry how to behave during interrogation in order to avoid being diagnosed as mentally ill.[40]

Deportation from the USSR (1976)

Protest demonstration of January 1975 in Dam, Amsterdam for Vladimir Bukovsky's release from prison

The fate of Bukovsky and other political prisoners in the Soviet Union had been repeatedly brought to world attention by Western diplomats and human rights groups such as the relatively new Amnesty International.[33]:175

Had he served the full sentence handed down in 1972 Vladimir Bukovsky would have regained his freedom in 1981. In December 1976, however, he was forcibly deported from the USSR and exchanged at Zürich airport by Soviet government for the imprisoned Chilean Communist leader Luis Corvalán.[41][42] In his 1978 autobiography Bukovsky describes how he was brought to Switzerland in handcuffs.[2]:432 The prominent exchange lead to a increased public awareness in the West of Soviet dissidents.[33]:175

Bukovsky moved to Great Britain and settled in Cambridge in order to resume his studies in biology.[43]:7

Life in the West

Once settled in Britain Bukovsky gained a Masters Degree in Biology at Cambridge and wrote and published To Build a Castle: My Life as a Dissenter (1978).[44] (The title in Russian, And the Wind Returns ..., is a Biblical allusion.)[45] The book was translated into English, French and German.[46] It is available online in Russian at a number of websites.[47][48][49]

Since he has lived in the West Bukovsky has written many essays and polemical articles. These not only criticised the Soviet regime and, later, that of Vladimir Putin, but also exposed "Western gullibility" in the face of Soviet abuses and, in some cases, what he believed to be Western complicity in such crimes (see American Betrayal sub-section below). In the late 1970s and early 1980s, following the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, Bukovsky campaigned successfully for an official UK and US boycott of the summer 1980 Olympics in Moscow.[50] During the same years he voiced concern about the activities and policies of the Western peace movements.[51]

In 1983, together with Cuban dissident Armando Valladares, Bukovsky co-founded and was later elected president of Resistance International.[15][52] The anti-Communist organisation was run from a small office in Paris by Soviet dissidents and emigres, notably Vladimir Maximov and Eduard Kuznetsov.[15] In 1985 it expanded into the American Foundation for Resistance International.[52] Among the prominent members of the board were Albert Jolis and Jeane Kirkpatrick while Midge Decter, Yuri Yarim-Agaev, Richard Perle, Saul Bellow, Robert Conquest and Martin Colman were on the body's advisory committee.[53] The Foundation aimed to be a coordinating centre for dissident and democratic movements seeking to overturn communism in Eastern Europe and elsewhere. It organised protests in the communist countries and in the West, and opposed western financial assistance to communist governments. The Foundation also created the National Council to Support Democratic Movements (National Council for Democracy) with the goal of aiding the emergence of democratic rule-of-law governments, and providing assistance with the writing of constitutions and the formation of civil institutions.[54][55]

In March 1987 Bukovsky and nine other émigré authors (Ernst Neizvestny, Yury Lyubimov, Vasily Aksyonov and Leonid Plyushch among them) caused a furore in the West and then in the Soviet Union itself when they raised doubts about the substance and sincerity of Mikhail Gorbachev's reforms.[56]

Judgment in Moscow (1995)

In April 1991 Vladimir Bukovsky visited Moscow for the first time since his deportation fifteen years before.[57] In the run-up to the 1991 presidential election the team around Boris Yeltsin considered Bukovsky as one of a number of potential vice-presidential running-mates.[52] In the end, army officer Alexander Rutskoy, a veteran of the 1979–1989 war in Afghanistan and Hero of the Soviet Union was selected. On 5 December 1991 both of Bukovsky's Soviet-era convictions were annulled by a decree of the RSFSR Supreme Court.[58] The following year President Yeltsin formally restored Bukovsky's Russian citizenship: he had never been deprived of his Soviet citizenship, despite deportation from the country.[59]

In 1992, after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, President Yeltsin's government invited Bukovsky to serve as an expert witness at the trial before the Constitutional Court where Russia's communists were suing Yeltsin for banning their Party and taking its property. The respondent's case was that the CPSU itself had been an unconstitutional organisation.[15] To prepare his testimony, Bukovsky requested and was granted access to a large number of documents from the CPSU Central Committee archives (then reorganised into the Central Depository for Contemporary Documentation or TsKhSD).[15] With the help of a small hand-held scanner and a laptop computer, he managed secretly to scan many documents (some with high security clearance), including KGB reports to the Central Committee. The copies were then smuggled to the West.[60]

Bukovsky hoped that the "Trial of the CPSU" might play a similar role to the first Nuremberg Trial (1945–1946) and help the country begin to overcome the legacy of Communism.[61] This did not happen. While the CPSU was found to be an unconstitutional organisation, former communists were allowed to play a leading part in the government of post-Soviet Russia, to act as the main opposition force in the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, and even to serve on the commission for the post-1917 victims of political repression.[62] Bukovsky expressed his deep disappointment with this failure in his writings and interviews.[63]

Having failed to finish off conclusively the communist system, we are now in danger of integrating the resulting monster into our world. It may not be called communism anymore, but it has retained many of its dangerous characteristics ... Until a Nuremberg-style tribunal passes its judgment on all the crimes committed by communism, it is not dead and the war is not over.

It took several years and a team of assistants to piece together the scanned fragments (many only half a page in width) of the hundreds of documents photocopied by Bukovsky and then, in 1999, to make them available online.[64] Many of the same documents were extensively quoted and cited in Bukovsky's Judgment in Moscow (1995), where he described and analysed what he had uncovered about recent Soviet history and about the relations of the USSR and the CPSU with the West.[7]

The book was translated into several languages.[65] It was not published in English: Random House bought the rights to the manuscript, but the publisher, in Bukovsky's words, tried to make the author "rewrite the whole book from the liberal left political perspective." Bukovsky resisted, explaining to the Random House editor that he was "allergic to political censorship" because of "certain peculiarities of my biography". (The contract was subsequently cancelled.).[66] The French edition appeared in 1995 as Jugement à Moscou.[67] The book has also been published in Russian (1996) and certain other Slavic languages, most notably the Polish edition which for a time became a bestseller.[68][66]

A Maverick, East and West

British and European psychiatrists assessing the documents on psychiatric abuse released by Bukovsky characterized him in 1971: "The information we have about [Vladimir Bukovsky] suggests that he is the sort of person who might be embarrassing to authorities in any country because he seems unwilling to compromise for convenience and personal comfort, and believes in saying what he thinks in situations which he clearly knows could endanger him. But such people often have much to contribute, and deserve considerable respect."[c 14]

Soon Vladimir Bukovsky was again out of favour with the Russian authorities. He supported Yeltsin against the Supreme Soviet in the 1993 Russian constitutional crisis but criticised the new Constitution of Russia which followed as designed to ensure a continuation of Yeltsin's power.[69][70] According to Bukovsky, Yeltsin became a hostage of the security agencies from 1994 onwards, and a restoration of KGB rule was inevitable.[15]

After the publication of Judgment in Moscow in French (1995) and then in Russian (1996), he was denied entry to Russia from October 1996 until 2007, in the run-up to the 2008 Presidential elections.

Moscow Mayor — or President of Russia?

In 1992 a group of liberal deputies of the Moscow City Council proposed Bukovsky's candidacy for elections of the new Mayor of Moscow, following the resignation of the previous Mayor, Gavriil Popov.[15]:478 Bukovsky refused the offer, stating that to fulfil the mayor’s duties he would need a large team of intellectuals committed to radical reform, and there was a lack of such people in the country.[15] Deputy mayor Yury Luzhkov took over, and ran the city from 1992 to 2010.

In early 1996 a group of Moscow academics, journalists and intellectuals suggested that Vladimir Bukovsky should run for President of Russia as an alternative candidate to both incumbent President Boris Yeltsin and his main challenger Gennady Zyuganov of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation. However, no formal nomination process was initiated.[71]

Memento Gulag

In 2001, Bukovsky was elected President of the Comitatus pro Libertatibus – Comitati per le Libertà – Freedom Committees in Florence, an Italian libertarian organisation which promoted an annual Memento Gulag, or Memorial Day devoted to the Victims of Communism, on 7 November (the anniversary of the Bolshevik Revolution).[15] The Memento Gulag has since been held in Rome, Bucharest, Berlin, La Roche sur Yon and Paris.

Contacts with Boris Nemtsov and the Russian Opposition

In 2002 Boris Nemtsov, a former Deputy Prime Minister of Russia who was then an elected member of the State Duma and leader of the Union of Rightist Forces, paid a visit to Bukovsky in Cambridge. He wanted to discuss the strategy of the Russian opposition. It was imperative, Bukovsky told Nemtsov, that Russian liberals adopt an uncompromising stand toward what he saw as the authoritarian government of President Vladimir Putin.[72]

On one of journalist Anna Politkovskaya's frequent visits to Britain she interviewed Vladimir Bukovsky and Boris Berezovsky to provide a "comparative analysis of different waves of political emigration".[73] With Bukovsky, "The Patriarch" as he was called in the published version of her article, she discussed the position of those who had gained political asylum in Britain (Ahmed Zakayev, Alexander Litvinenko), and the attitudes of the UK government of Tony Blair and of the European Parliament to the situation in Chechnya. During their talk Bukovsky expressed disapproval of the way in which Slobodan Milosevic was brought before the Hague tribunal.[73]

In January 2004, with Garry Kasparov, Boris Nemtsov, Vladimir V. Kara-Murza and others, Bukovsky was a co-founder of Committee 2008.[74] This umbrella organisation of the Russian democratic opposition was formed to ensure free and fair elections in 2008 when a successor to Vladimir Putin was elected.[75]

In 2005 Bukovsky was among the prominent dissidents of the 1960s and 1970s (Gorbanevskaya, Sergei Kovalyov, Eduard Kuznetsov, Alexander Podrabinek, Yelena Bonner) who took part in a documentary series by Vladimir Kara-Murza Jr. They Chose Freedom.[76] In 2013 Bukovsky was featured in a documentary series by Natella Boltyanskaya Parallels, Events, People.[77]

In 2009 Bukovsky joined the council of the new Solidarnost coalition which brought together a wide range of extra-parliamentary opposition forces.[78]

Criticism of torture in Abu Ghraib prison (Iraq)

As revelations mounted about the sanctioned torture of captives in the Guantánamo Bay detention camp, Abu Ghraib and the CIA secret prisons, Bukovsky entered the discussion with an uncompromising attack on the official if covert rationalisation of torture. In an 18 December 2005 op-ed in the Washington Post Bukovsky recounted his experience under torture in Lefortovo prison in 1971.[79] Once commenced, he warned, the inertia of torture was difficult to control, corrupting those who carried it out. "Torture", he wrote, "has historically been an instrument of oppression — not an instrument of investigation or of intelligence gathering." Bukovsky explained:

Investigation is a subtle process, requiring patience and fine analytical ability, as well as a skill in cultivating one's sources. When torture is condoned, these rare talented people leave the service, having been outstripped by less gifted colleagues with their quick-fix methods, and the service itself degenerates into a playground for sadists.[79]

US President Barack Obama repudiated the Torture Memos on 20 January 2009, two days after taking office.

Fatal defects of the European Union

Bukovsky and Vladimir Kara-Murza during Bukovsky's presidential campaign rally at Triumfalnaya Square in Moscow, 20 October 2007

In a February 2006 interview with The Brussels Journal,[80] Bukovsky said he had read confidential documents from secret Soviet files in 1992 which confirmed the existence of a "conspiracy" to turn the European Union into a socialist organisation. The European Union was a "monster", he argued, and it must be destroyed, the sooner the better, "before it develops into a full-fledged totalitarian state",[81]

Meanwhile they are introducing more and more ideology. The Soviet Union used to be a state run by ideology. Today's ideology of the European Union is social-democratic, statist, and a big part of it is also political correctness. I watch very carefully how political correctness spreads and becomes an oppressive ideology, not to mention the fact that they forbid smoking almost everywhere now.

There were certain parallels, Bukovsky warned in his interview, between the formation of the Soviet Union and the European Union. In 2006 he described the perils of the USSR, with its model whereby nationalities and ethnic groups were dissolved to create a new "Soviet nation". While Soviet ideology postulated that the State would eventually wither away, Bukovsky pointed out that the reality was quite different: the State had become paramount.[81] As an expression of his Eurosceptic position Bukovsky is vice-president of The Freedom Association (TFA) in the United Kingdom[82] and has been a patron of the United Kingdom Independence Party (UKIP).[81]

In 2007, following a similar line of argument, Bukovsky suggested that Russia was too big and should be broken up into several smaller countries. It was an opinion quickly reported to audiences around the world by the new State-funded English-language broadcaster Russia Today.[83]

Diana West's American Betrayal (2013)

In September 2013, Bukovsky entered the controversy over Diana West's American Betrayal: The Secret Assault on Our Nation's Character, a book dismissed by historian Professor Ronald Radosh as "McCarthy on Steroids".[84] Responding at Breitbart.com, Bukovsky rejected Radosh's criticisms, condemned the attempt to portray West as a deluded and historically inept conspiracy-monger, and supported her conclusions as to the infiltration of the Roosevelt government by Stalinist agents and fellow-travellers:[85]

That treacherous Establishment is still there. We are still governed by a nomenklatura of collaborationists, Petains and Quislings of the Cold War. Mrs. West has reached that conclusion merely by examining the first chapters of this sad story. Sure enough, there are mountains of other and more recent evidence to support her conclusions. But of course, whatever the evidence, the "consensus" will never plead guilty. Rather, they will try and usurp the judicial seat.

In turn Bukovsky himself was taken to task by David Horowitz,whose Frontpage Magazine had carried the Radosh review:[86]

It grieves me to see a hero of the anti-Communist struggle, Vladimir Bukovsky, join the character assassins that Diana West has mobilized to attack Radosh and me because FrontPage posted a bad review of her book. ... It grieves me even more because he goes out of his way to defend her preposterous claims, e.g., that the division of Europe at Yalta was a Soviet plot when everyone knows the division was drawn by Winston Churchill, hardly a Soviet stooge. There are dozens, if not hundreds, of howlers like this in West's 400-page, 900-footnote book, which is why we gave it a bad review.

Ten years earlier, Bukovsky sketched some of the numerous and insidious ways such Western complicity was secured.[87] Beyond those who were recruited as Soviet agents and consciously worked for the USSR, as he explained in Judgment in Moscow (1995), there were men and women whom the KGB and GRU classified as "agents of influence" and "confidential contacts":[88]

The majority of these "agents of influence", moreover, were not in a literal sense KGB agents. Some distributed Soviet disinformation for idealistic reasons; others were paying off an old "debt" to the KGB or, on the contrary, expected some new reward or service; others simply did not know what they were doing. ... The examples are endlessly varied.

This applied equally, Bukovsky cautioned, to Post-Stalin generations of specialists on the USSR and Eastern Europe. They had been subjected to similar pressures and inducements in the 1970s and 1980s:[89]

The majority of Sovietologists and Slavists, experts on Russia and the Soviet Union, were dependent on the regime for permission to visit the USSR from time to time. A specialist could not secure his place and reputation in the current academic world without that contact: anyone might accuse him of having lost touch and no longer retaining his expertise. The chance to travel to the USSR, however, was closely monitored in those years by the KGB.

Candidate for Russian Presidency (2008)

In May 2007, Bukovsky announced his plans to run as candidate for president in the May 2008 Russian presidential election.[90] On 16 December 2007, Bukovsky was officially nominated to run against Dmitry Medvedev and other candidates.[91][92]

Bukovsky's appeal against exclusion from the presidential race, decision of the Russian Supreme Court, 28 December 2007.[93]

The group that nominated Bukovsky as a candidate included Yuri Ryzhov, Vladimir V. Kara-Murza, Alexander Podrabinek, Andrei Piontkovsky, Vladimir Pribylovsky and others.[94] Activists, authors and commentators such as Viktor Shenderovich, Valeriya Novodvorskaya and Lev Rubinstein also favoured Bukovsky.[95][96]

Responding to pro-Kremlin politicians and commentators who expressed doubt about Bukovksy's electoral prospects, his nominators rejected a number of frequently repeated allegations.[97] In Moscow more than 800 citizens of the Russian Federation nominated Bukovsky for president on 16 December 2007. Bukovsky secured the required number of signatures to register and submitted his application to the Central Election Commission on time, 18 December 2007.[98][99][100]

The Action Group in support of Bukovsky's candidacy denied claims by pro-government media that Bukovsky had failed in his campaign to become RF President and in appeals before the RF Constitutional Court.[101][102]

On 22 December 2007 the Central Electoral Commission turned down Bukovsky's application, on the grounds that (1) he had failed to give information about his activities as a writer when submitting his documents, (2) he was holding a British residence permit, and (3) he had not been living in Russia during the past ten years.[90] Bukovsky appealed against the decision at the RF Supreme Court on 28 December 2007 and, subsequently, before its cassation board on 15 January 2008.[103][104]

On 30 March 2011, Bukovsky requested the arrest of Mikhail Gorbachev by the British authorities after submitting to Westminster Magistrates' Court materials on crimes against humanity that the former Soviet leader had allegedly committed in the late 1980s and early 1990s.[105]

Crimea, Ukraine, Litvinenko Inquiry (2012–2015)

Bukovsky was among the first 34 signatories of "Putin must go", an online anti-Putin manifesto published on 10 March 2010.[106] In May 2012 Vladimir Putin began his third term as president of the Russian Federation after serving four years as the country's prime minister. The following year Bukovsky published a collection of interviews in Russia which described Putin and his team as The heirs of Lavrentiy Beria, Stalin's last and most notorious secret police chief.[107]

Following the winter 2014 Sochi Olympics the Russian Federation annexed Crimea. The West responded with sanctions targeted at Putin's immediate entourage, and Bukovsky expressed the hope that this would prove the end of his regime.[108] In October 2014 the Russian authorities declined to issue Bukovsky with a new foreign-travel passport.[109]

On 17 March 2015 at the long-delayed inquiry into Alexander Litvinenko's fatal poisoning Bukovsky gave his views as to why the former FSB man had been murdered.[110] Interviewed on BBC TV eight years before, Bukovsky expressed no doubt that the Russian authorities were responsible for the London death of Litvinenko on 23 November 2006.[111]

Health

In early May 2015 it was reported that Bukovsky had undergone a 9-hour heart operation in a private German clinic, during which he was given two artificial valves. Subsequently Bukovsky was kept in a medically-induced coma for three days to improve his chances of recovery.[112]

After partial recovery from his lengthy heart surgery, Vladimir Bukovsky responded to charges brought against him by the UK Crown Prosecution Service earlier in the year.[113] Issuing a High Court writ for libel, Vladimir Bukovsky said that the CPS had defamed him, and claimed damages of £100,000.[114]

Bibliography

In translation

In Russian

Documentaries

References

A Chronicle of Current Events (1968-1982)

  1. ↑ The founder of the Gratitude Fund, Yury Fyodorov was imprisoned for 15 years at the famous Leningrad plane-hijackers trial,CCE 17.6 and subsequent issues for an account of this exceptional case.
  2. ↑ CCE 8.7 (30 June 1969), "The fate of dissenters who have been declared mentally ill."
  3. ↑ CCE 11.7 (31 December 1969), "Arrests among Moscow students" [Bakhmin, Kaplun, Iofe, Novodvorskaya].
  4. ↑ CCE 9.3 (31 August 1969), "Two trials about compulsory medical treatment" (Ivan Yakhimovich and Victor Kuznetsov).
  5. ↑ CCE 19.2 (30 April 197)1, "Notes from Oryol Special Psychiatric Hospital".
  6. ↑ CCE 19.3 (30 April 1971), "The hunger-strike of Victor Fainberg and Vladimir Borisov in Leningrad Special Psychiatric Hospital".
  7. ↑ CCE 7.3 (30 April 1969), "The Arrest of Victor Kuznetsov".
  8. ↑ CCE 15.2 (31 August 1970), "The Trial of Olga Ioffe [Iofe]".
  9. ↑ CCE 11.10 (31 December 1969), "The Trial of Vladimir Borisov [Leningrad]".
  10. ↑ "Materials concerning the forthcoming international congress of psychiatrists", Chronicle" 22.3, 10 November 1971.
  11. ↑ "The Arrest of Vladimir Bukovsky", CCE 19.1, 30 April 1971.
  12. ↑ "The Trial of Vladimir Bukovsky", CCE 23.1 (5 January 1972).
  13. ↑ For reactions in the West and the Soviet Union to the sentence see "The case of Vladimir Bukovsky", 'CCE 24.1 (5 March 1972). For a KGB profile of Bukovsky, dated May 18, 1972, see: Morozov, Boris (1999). Documents on Soviet Jewish Emigration. London: Frank Cass. pp. 152–154. ISBN 978-0-7146-4911-5.
  14. ↑ Letter to Times (16 September 1971) by 44 British and European psychiatrists, CCE 22.3 (10 November 1971), "Materials concerning the forthcoming International Congress of Psychiatrists".

Other

  1. ↑ Cooper, David (February 2009). "The Thomas S. Szasz Award for Outstanding Contributions to the Cause of Civil Liberties". Mental Health and Substance Use 2 (1): 1–3. doi:10.1080/17523280802630251.
  2. 1 2 Bukovsky, Vladimir (1978). To Build a Castle: My Life as a Dissenter. Andre Deutsch: London. ISBN 0-233-97023-1. 351 pp.
  3. ↑ Bukovsky's works on neurophysiology
  4. ↑ Hilton, Ronald (1986). World affairs report. Volumes 16–17. California Institute of International Studies. p. 26.
  5. ↑ Davidoff, Victor (13 October 2013). "Soviet Psychiatry Returns". The Moscow Times. Retrieved 22 April 2014.
  6. ↑ "International Advisory Council". Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation. Archived from the original on 2011-05-20. Retrieved 2011-05-20.
  7. 1 2 "Vladimir Bukovsky", Cato Institute website
  8. ↑ "Truman-Reagan Medal of Freedom". Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation. Retrieved 2016-04-26.
  9. ↑ Konstantin Ivanovich Bukovsky, Kratkaya literaturnaya entsiklopedia. A Communist Party member from 1931 and a war correspondent //(1939-1945), after 1946 Konstantin Bukovsky worked for the Ogonyok magazine; he wrote about conditions in the Soviet countryside.
  10. ↑ To Build a Castle: My Life as a Dissenter (PDF). London: Andrei Deutsch (UK edn). 1978. pp. 122–132. ISBN 0-233-97023-1.
  11. ↑ Vladimir Bukovsky, "A Soviet Hyde-Park Corner" in My predchuvstvie, predtecha ...: Ploshchad Mayakovskogo, 1958–1965, Zvenya: Moscow, 1996 (Collection title in English: We were the premonition, the forerunners ...)
  12. ↑ Sentenced to 7 years in labour camp for samizdat activities. Released in 1968, CCE 4.//(31 October 1968), "News in brief".
  13. 1 2 Rubenstein, Joshua (1980). Soviet dissidents: their struggle for human rights. Boston: Beacon. ISBN 978-0-8070-3212-1.
  14. ↑ Vladimir Bukovsky, "Tezisy {o razvale Komsomole}" in My predchuvstvie, predtecha ...: Ploshchad Mayakovskogo, 1958–1965 Zvenya: Moscow, 1996. See also 1997 book of same name ISBN 5-7870-0002-1
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Boobbyer, Richard (July 2009). "Vladimir Bukovskii and Soviet Communism". The Slavonic and East European Review 87 (3): 452–487. JSTOR 40650408.
  16. ↑ Московский процесс [Judgment in Moscow]. М. ; Париж: МИК : Рус. мысль. 1996. p. 92. ISBN 5-87902-071-1.
  17. ↑ "The Trial of Galanskov and Ginzburg", CCE 1.1 (30 April 1968
  18. ↑ Litvinov, Pavel (1971). The Trial of The Four: A collection of Materials on the case of Galanskov, Ginzburg, Dobrovolsky, & Lashkova 1967–1968. New York: The Viking Press. ISBN 978-0-670-73017-9.
  19. ↑ Alexeyeva, Lyudmila; Goldberg, Paul (1990). The Thaw Generation: Coming of Age in the Post-Stalin Era. Boston: Little, Brown & Co. ISBN 978-0-316-03146-2.
  20. ↑ See Bukovsky Archives, Section 3.1 "1960–1969", 4 September 1967, P 1393
  21. ↑ Horvath, Robert (2005). The Legacy of Soviet Dissent: Dissidents, Democratisation and Radical Nationalism in Russia. BASEES/Routledge Series on Russian and East European Studies 17. London; New York: RoutledgeCurzon. ISBN 978-0-203-41285-5.
  22. ↑ CCE 12.// (28 February 1970) "Samizdat update, item 11" and CCE 17.// (31 December 1970), "Samizdat update, item 8".
  23. ↑ Litvinov, Pavel (1969). The demonstration in Pushkin Square. The trial records with commentary and an open letter. London: Harvill. ASIN B0026Q02KE.
  24. 1 2 Abuse of psychiatry for political repression in the Soviet Union. New York: Arno. 1973. ISBN 0-405-00698-5.
  25. ↑ Berson, Robin Kadison (1999). Young Heroes in World History. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press. p. 44. ISBN 978-0-313-30257-2.
  26. 1 2 Reddaway, Peter (March 12, 1971). "Plea to West on Soviet 'mad-house' jails". The Times. p. 8.
  27. 1 2 3 Bloch, Sidney; Reddaway, Peter (1984). Soviet Psychiatric Abuse. The Shadow Over World Psychiatry. London: Gollancz. ISBN 0-575-03253-7.
  28. 1 2 Richter, Derek (1 August 1971). "Political Dissenters in Mental Hospitals" (PDF). The British Journal of Psychiatry 119 (549): 225–226. doi:10.1192/bjp.119.549.225.
  29. 1 2 3 Bloch, Sidney; Reddaway, Peter (1977). Russia's Political Hospitals. London: Gollancz. ISBN 978-0-575-02318-5.
  30. ↑ The Times, September 16, 1971, p. 17.
  31. ↑ The first edition of Bloch and Reddaway's book on Russia's political hospitals was published in 1977, during the run-up to the Congress.
  32. ↑ Bukovskii, Vladimir (1996). Moskovskii Protsess [Moscow trial] (in Russian). Moscow: MIK.
  33. 1 2 3 Hurst, Mark (2016). British Human Rights Organizations and Soviet Dissent, 1965-1985. p. 32. ISBN 978-1-4725-2516-1. Retrieved 2016-04-26.
  34. ↑ Bukovsky, Vladimir; Gluzman, Semyon [Владимир Буковский, Семён Глузман] (January–February 1975a). "Пособие по психиатрии для инакомыслящих" [A manual on psychiatry for dissidents]. Хроника защиты прав в СССР [Chronicle of defense of rights in the USSR] (in Russian) (13): 36–61. The work in Russian was also published in: Коротенко, Ада; Аликина, Наталия (2002). Советская психиатрия: Заблуждения и умысел. Киев: Издательство «Сфера». pp. 197–218. ISBN 966-7841-36-7.
  35. ↑ Bukovsky, Vladimir; Gluzman, Semyon (Winter–Spring 1975b). "A manual on psychiatry for dissidents". Survey: A Journal of East and West Studies 21 (1): 180–199.
    • Bukovsky, Vladimir; Gluzman, Semyon (1975c). A manual of psychiatry for political dissidents. London: Amnesty International. OCLC 872337790.
    • Bukovsky, Vladimir; Gluzman, Semyon (1975d). "A dissident’s guide to psychiatry". A Chronicle of Human Rights in the USSR (New York: Kronika Press) (13): 31–57.
  36. ↑ Boukovsky, Vladimir; Glouzmann, Semion (September 1975). "Guide de psychiatrie pour les dissidents soviétiques: dédié à Lonia Pliouchtch, victime de la terreur psychiatrique" [Guide on psychiatry for Soviet dissidents: dedicated to Lyonya Plyushch, a victim of psychiatric terror]. Esprit (in French) 449 (9): 307–332. JSTOR 24263203.
  37. ↑ Bukovskij, Vladimir; Gluzman, Semen; Leva, Marco (1979). Guida psichiatrica per dissidenti. Con esempi pratici e una lettera dal Gulag [Psychiatric guide for dissidents. With practical examples and a letter from the Gulag] (in Italian). Milan: L'erba voglio. ASIN B00E3B4JK4.
  38. ↑ Bukowski, Wladimir; Gluzman, Semen (1976). "Psychiatrie-handbuch für dissidenten" [A manual on psychiatry for dissidents]. Samisdat. Stimmen aus dem „anderen Rußland" (in German) (Bern) (Nr. 8): 29–48.
  39. ↑ Bukovskiĭ, Vladimir; Gluzman, Semyon (1975e). Håndbog i psykiatri for afvigere [A manual on psychiatry for dissidents] (in Danish). Göteborg: Samarbetsdynamik AB. ISBN 9185396001. OCLC 7551381.
  40. ↑ Helmchen, Hanfried; Sartorius, Norman (2010). Ethics in Psychiatry: European Contributions. Springer. p. 495. ISBN 90-481-8720-6.
  41. ↑ Laird, Robbin; Hoffmann, Erik (1986). Soviet foreign policy in a changing world. Transaction Publishers. p. 79. ISBN 0-202-24166-1.
  42. ↑ Ulianova, Olga (2013). "Corvalán for Bukovsky: a real exchange of prisoners during an imaginary war. The Chilean dictatorship, the Soviet Union, and US mediation, 1973–1976". Cold War History. doi:10.1080/14682745.2013.793310. ISSN 1743-7962.
  43. ↑ Voren, Robert van (2009). On Dissidents and Madness: From the Soviet Union of Leonid Brezhnev to the "Soviet Union" of Vladimir Putin. Amsterdam—New York: Rodopi. p. 7. ISBN 978-90-420-2585-1.
  44. ↑ The English title is derived from one of Bukovsky's distractions, invented to while away long hours behind bars. He would imagine constructing a fortress from the ground up, To Build a Castle, Andre Deutsch: London, 1978, pp. 22–23.
  45. ↑ "What does a man gaine from all his labour and his toil here under the sun? ... The wind blows south, the wind blows north, round and round it goes and returns full circle", Ecclesiastes, 1:3–6.
  46. ↑ ... et le vent reprend ses tours : Ma vie de dissident, Editions du Rocher, 1978, 406 pages (ISBN 978-2-221-00128-8)
  47. ↑ В.Буковский (1978) "И возвращается ветер ..." Vehi.net
  48. ↑ B.Буковский (1978) "И возвращается ветер ..." Sakharov-venter.ru
  49. ↑ В. Буковский (1978) "И возвращается ветер ..." Tyurem.net
  50. ↑ Vladimir Bukovsky, "How Russia breaks the rules of the Games", letter to The Daily Telegraph, 2 October 1979; "Do athletes want the KGB to win the Olympics?" News of the World, 20 January 1980
  51. ↑ "The Soviet Union and the Peace Movement". Commentary. 5 January 1982.
  52. 1 2 3 Saul, Norman E. (2015). Historical Dictionary of Russian and Soviet Foreign Policy. Historical dictionaries of diplomacy and foreign relations. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 63. ISBN 978-0-8108-6806-9.
  53. ↑ "In The U.S.S.R". Resistance Bulletin (American Foundation for Resistance International) 1 (5–9). 1988.
  54. ↑ Jolis, Albert (1996). A Clutch of Reds and Diamonds: A Twentieth Century Odyssey. East European monographs. Boulder : New York: East European Monographs ; Distributed by Columbia University Press. pp. 363–380. ISBN 978-0-88033-364-1.
  55. ↑ "Resistance International". Survey (Eastern News Distributors). 27–28: 311. 1983.
  56. ↑ "Is Glasnost a Game of Mirrors?". The New York Times. 22 March 1987.. Unexpectedly this op-ed was translated into Russian and quickly published in Moscow as well (Moskovskie novosti, 29 March 1987).
  57. ↑ Bukharbaeva, Bagila (2007-10-16). "Soviet-Era Dissident Returns to Moscow". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2016-04-27.
  58. ↑ Bukovsky Archives online, Section 4 "Perestroika", 5 December 1991.
  59. ↑ The official Presidential website, Bukovsky biography (in Russian).
  60. ↑ Many of these scanned documents are today available online as The Bukovsky Archives and are provided with English lists of titles and contents, and over one hundred translations. See also Bukovsky, Vladimir (1998). "The Night After the Battle Belongs To the Marauders. Instead of Introduction to the collection of documents 'Soviet Archives'" bukovsky-archives.net
  61. ↑ Bukovsky, Vladimir (1998). "The Night After the Battle Belongs To the Marauders. Instead of Introduction to the collection of documents 'Soviet Archives'" bukovsky-archives.net
  62. ↑ Glazov, Jamie (9 May 2002). "The West lost the War: Vladimir Bukovsky". FrontPage Magazine.
  63. ↑ Glazov, Jamie (1 July 2002). "The Cold War and the War Against Terror". FrontPage Magazine.
  64. ↑ See Soviet Archives, compiled by Vladimir Bukovsky, and published online by Julia Zaks and Leonid Chernikhov
  65. ↑ See German version, Abrechnung mit Moskau. Das sowjetische Unrechtsregime und die Schuld des Westens, Bergisch Gladbach, 1996.
  66. 1 2 Berlinski, Claire (Spring 2010). "A hidden history of evil. Why doesn’t anyone care about the unread Soviet archives?". City Journal.
  67. ↑ Bukovskiĭ, Vladimir Konstantinovich; Martinez, Louis (1995). Jugement à Moscou: un dissident dans les archives du Kremlin. Paris: R. Laffont. ISBN 978-2-221-07460-2.
  68. ↑ Proces moskiewski (ISBN 83-7227-190-9), Warsaw 1999.
  69. ↑ Bukovsky, Vladimir (1993-06-01). "Boris Yeltsin’s Hollow Victory". Commentary. Retrieved 2016-04-27.
  70. ↑ Horne, A. D. (1993-12-11). "Dissident's Discontent". Washington Post. Retrieved 2016-04-27.
  71. ↑ "Советский диссидент Владимир Буковский согласен баллотироваться на пост президента России". www.newsru.com (in Russian). 2007-05-28. Retrieved 2016-04-27.
  72. ↑ Кара-Мурза, Владимир (2002-05-28). "Не забывая о наших корнях... Владимир Буковский – легенда российского демократического движения" (in Russian). "Правое дело" N 21(39). Archived from the original on September 17, 2003. Retrieved 2016-04-27.
  73. 1 2 Politkovskaya, Anna (20 January 2003). "Пролетая над "гнездом": cравнительный анализ волн русской политической эмиграции" [Flying over "the nest": a comparative analysis of the waves of Russian political emigration]. Novaya Gazeta (in Russian) (4).
  74. ↑ Declaration of the "2008 – A Free Choice" Committee, 29 January 2004 (retrieved 10 June 2015).
  75. ↑ Danks, Catherine (2014). Politics Russia. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. p. 434f. ISBN 978-1-317-86741-8. Retrieved 2016-04-27.
  76. ↑ They Chose Freedom, a documentary series made by the 23-year-old journalist Vladimir Kara-Murza (in Russian)
  77. ↑ Natella Boltyanskaya (2015-02-16). "Episode 29 – To Build a Castle (Part One)". Voice of America. Parallels, Events, People.Natella Boltyanskaya (2015-03-02). "Episode 30 – To Build a Castle (Part Two)". Voice of America. Parallels, Events, People.
  78. ↑ "История". www.rusolidarnost.ru. Retrieved 2016-04-27.
  79. 1 2 Bukovsky, Vladimir (18 December 2005). "Torture's Long Shadow". The Washington Post.
  80. ↑ The Brussels Journal: The Voice of Conservatism in Europe, a periodical of the Society for the Advancement of Freedom in Europe or SAFE
  81. 1 2 3 Belien, Paul (27 February 2006). "Former Soviet Dissident Warns For EU Dictatorship. An interview with Vladimir Bukovsky". The Brussels Journal.
  82. ↑ "Council & Supporters", The Freedom Association website
  83. ↑ "Former Soviet dissident wants Russia split up" (17 October 2007). Russia Today [Retrieved 13 April 2012].
  84. ↑ "McCarthy on steroids", Frontpagemag, 7 August 2013
  85. ↑ Bukovsky, Vladimir; Stroilov, Pavel (2013-09-23). "Why Academics Hate Diana West". Breitbart. Retrieved 2016-04-26.
  86. ↑ "Another Personal Attack by Diana West and Her Friends", Breitbart.com, 28 September 2013
  87. ↑ See also Charles Moore, "A national treasure or the KGB's useful idiot?", Daily Telegraph, 5 March 2010.
  88. ↑ Chapter 3, "Back to the Future: 3.12 The Party's most powerful weapon", Judgment in Moscow: A Dissident in the Soviet Archives, forthcoming (2015). See Jugement a Moscou, 1995, pp 233–234.
  89. ↑ As per previous note, Chapter 3, "Back to the Future", Judgment in Moscow (forthcoming). See Jugement a Moscou, 1995, pp 233–234.
  90. 1 2 Sakwa, Richard (2010). The Crisis of Russian Democracy: The Dual State, Factionalism and the Medvedev Succession. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 279–280. ISBN 9781139494915.
  91. ↑ "Uphill struggle for Russian dissident". BBC. 2007-10-25. Retrieved 2016-04-26.
  92. ↑ "Владимир Буковский выдвинут кандидатом в президенты России" [Vladimir Bukovsky put forward as candidate for president of Russia]. DW.COM (in Russian). Deutsche Welle. 2007-12-17. Retrieved 2016-04-26.
  93. ↑ "Решение от 28 декабря 2007 г. / Верховный Суд Российской Федерации / Дело № ГКПИ07-1720" [Decision of 28 December 2007, Supreme Court of the Russian Federation]. sudact.ru. 2007-12-28. Retrieved 2016-04-27.
  94. ↑ "Грани.Ру: Заявление инициативной группы по выдвижению Владимира Буковского в президенты Российской Федерации" [Statement of the Initiative Group to nominate Vladimir Bukovsky for the post of President of the Russian Federation]. grani.ru (in Russian). 2007-05-28. Retrieved 2016-04-26.
  95. ↑ "Beyond Opposition, Beyond a Chance". The Moscow Times. 2007-09-21. Retrieved 2016-04-26.
  96. ↑ Novodvorskaya, Valeriya (2007-06-21). "Грани.Ру: Больше кандидатов, плохих и одинаковых" [More candidates, bad and identical ones]. grani.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 2016-04-26.
  97. ↑ On judicial aspects of Bukovsky's nomination (Russian), Action Group for Vladimir Bukovsky's Nomination, 12 July 2007
  98. ↑ Soviet dissident Vladimir Bukovsky has been nominated a candidate for president (Russian), Echo of Moscow, 16 December 2007
  99. ↑ Bukovsky submitted his documents on time to the Central Electoral Commission (Russian), Newsru, 18 December 2007
  100. ↑ CEC accepted documents from Vladimir Bukovsky (Russian), BBC Russian Service, 18 December 2007
  101. ↑ Soviet dissident Bukovsky pulls out of presidential race, RIA Novosti, 19 December 2007
  102. ↑ The media has been spreading incorrect information about Bukovsky's decision not to run (Russian), the official site of the "Bukovsky for President!" Action Group, 20 December 2007
  103. ↑ Supreme Court completely rejected Bukovsky's registration (Russian), "Bukovsky for President!" Action group, 15 January 2008
  104. ↑ "Решение от 28 декабря 2007 г. / Верховный Суд Российской Федерации / Дело № ГКПИ07-1720" [Decision of 28 December 2007, Supreme Court of the Russian Federation]. sudact.ru. 2007-12-28. Retrieved 2016-04-27.
  105. ↑ Подрабинек, Александр (30 March 2011). Буковский против Горбачева. Не юбилейные показания [Bukovsky vs Gorbachev. Non-jubilee testimonies] (in Russian). Radio France Internationale.
  106. ↑ Kasparov, Garry (17 March 2010). "В интернет ОМОН не пришлешь" [You can not send in the riot police onto the Internet]. Novaya Gazeta (in Russian) (27).
  107. ↑ Буковский, Владимир Константинович (2013). Наследники Лаврентия Берия: Путин и его команда (in Russian). ISBN 978-5-4438-0337-1.
  108. ↑ "Putin's system will collapse", Andrei Sannikov talks to Vladimir Bukovsky, Charter 97, 14 April 2014
  109. ↑ Schreck, Carl (31 October 2014). "Ex-Soviet dissident says Russia won’t renew his passport". Radio Liberty.
  110. ↑ Litvinenko Inquiry, Hearings, Day 26
  111. ↑ "Litvinenko Affair", Sunday-AM programme, 10 December 2006, interview with Andrew Marr
  112. ↑ "Heart operation on the dissident Bukovsky", Rosbalt news agency, 7 May 2015.
  113. ↑ http://www.cps.gov.uk/news/latest_news/vladimir_bukovsky_to_be_prosecuted_over_indecent_images_of_children/
  114. ↑ http://www.theguardian.com/law/2015/aug/24/soviet-dissident-sues-crown-prosecution-service-alleging-libel.
  115. ↑ "Russia/Chechnya: Voices of Dissent". britishcouncil.org. British Film Council. Retrieved 2016-04-28.

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