Volvo S80

Volvo S80
2012 Volvo S80 (Europe)
Overview
Manufacturer	Volvo Cars
Production	1998–2016 P2: 1998–2006 (1st generation) P3: 2006–2016 (2nd generation)
Body and chassis
Class	Mid-size luxury / Executive car (E) Full-size car (S80L)
Body style	4-door saloon
Layout	Front engine, front-wheel drive Front engine, four-wheel drive
Chronology
Predecessor	Volvo 960 / Volvo 940 / Volvo S90
Successor	Volvo S90 II[1]

The Volvo S80 is an executive car produced by the Swedish manufacturer Volvo Cars since 1998 and now in its second generation. Introduced to take the place of the rear-wheel-drive S90 saloon in the model range it has remained Volvo's flagship saloon.

The first generation (1998–2006) was made available for the 1999 model year. It has since been built at the Torslanda Works in Gothenburg, Sweden, with a few 1999 model year cars for the North American market built at Volvo's Halifax Assembly plant. Unlike most Volvo models, it did not have an estate version for its first generation.

The second generation (2006–2016) was released in 2006 as a model year 2007 car. It has an estate version, the third generation of the Volvo V70. In June 2007, the S80 scored the highest "good" rating in the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) crash test performance for frontal, side, and rear impacts,^[2] earning it the IIHS Top Safety Pick.

First generation (1998–2006)

First generation
2004 Volvo S80 (US)
Overview
Production	1998–2006
Model years	1999–2006
Assembly	Sweden: Torslanda (Torslandaverken) Canada: Halifax (VHA) Malaysia: Shah Alam (SMA)
Designer	Doug Frasher (1996)[3] Peter Horbury
Body and chassis
Platform	Volvo P2 platform[4]
Related	Volvo S60 Volvo V70 II Volvo XC90 Ford Five Hundred Ford Freestyle Mercury Montego
Powertrain
Engine	2.0 L I5 turbo (petrol) 2.4 L I5 (petrol) 2.4 L I5 (CNG/LPG) 2.5 L I5 (petrol) 2.8 L I6 twin-turbo (petrol) 2.9 L I6 (petrol) 2.9 L I6 twin-turbo (petrol) 2.4 L I5 (turbodiesel) 2.5 L I5 (turbodiesel)[5]
Transmission	5-speed Volvo M56 manual 6-speed Volvo M65 manual 4-speed GM 4T65 AWD automatic 5-speed Aisin AW55-50/51SN automatic
Dimensions
Wheelbase	2,791 mm (109.9 in)
Length	4,822 mm (189.8 in) (1998–06) 4,849 mm (190.9 in) (2004–06)
Width	1,831 mm (72.1 in)
Height	1,435 mm (56.5 in)
Kerb weight	1,605–1,712 kg (3,538–3,774 lb)[6][7][8][9]

Rear view

Interior

The design takes styling cues from the Volvo ECC concept. The first-generation S80 is based on the Volvo P2 platform. Over 368,000 first-generation S80s were built.^[10] This S80 was equipped with numerous safety systems, including Side Impact Protection System (SIPS) and Whiplash Protection System WHIPS.^[11] The S80 featured a straight-six engine in a transverse engine mounting. No existing manual gearbox would fit in the engine bay with the six-cylinder engine, so Volvo had to develop their own, the M65. It featured also an environmental specification, covering aspects such as allergens from textiles, fuel economy and the life cycle of the car from production to dismantling.^[12]

The S80 used CAN bus multiplexing wiring.^[13]

The S80 was initially available with four different engines. Starting the range was a detuned 2.4-litre 104 kilowatts (141 PS; 139 bhp) five-cylinder. This was also available as a compressed natural gas (CNG) and as an liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) version. The fully tuned version produced 125 kilowatts (170 PS; 168 bhp). Next up was a 2.9-litre 144 kilowatts (196 PS; 193 bhp) six-cylinder, then 200 kilowatts (272 PS; 268 bhp) T6, and finally, the 103 kilowatts (140 PS; 138 bhp) 2.5-litre Volkswagen-sourced Turbocharged Direct Injection (TDI) diesel engine. The 2.9 has a straight-six engine, while the T6 was powered by a destroked twin-turbocharged version.^[11]

In 2000, there was the addition of the 149 kilowatts (203 PS; 200 bhp) 2.5T, available with standard all-wheel drive. The 2.5T model featured a light-pressure turbocharger.

Late 2001 introduced the 120 kilowatts (163 PS; 161 bhp) five-cylinder common rail diesel D5, detuned to 96 kilowatts (131 PS; 129 bhp) and sold as 2.4D in some markets.^[5][14]

In some European countries, the entry level S80 came with a 2.0-litre five-cylinder turbocharged engine producing 182 metric horsepower (134 kW; 180 bhp). These were sold in countries where larger capacity engines were penalized by heavy taxes.

Minor exterior design changes occurred between 2003 and 2004 versions, notably front grille styling.

Engines

Petrol engines

Model	Engine code	Year(s)	Power	Torque @rpm	Displacement	Engine configuration	Fuel
2.4	B5244S	1998–2006	103 kW (140 PS; 138 bhp)	220 N·m (160 lb·ft) @3300	2,435 cc (148.6 in^3)	Straight five	Petrol engine
2.4i	B5244S	1998–2006	125 kW (170 PS; 168 bhp)	225 N·m (166 lb·ft) @4500	2,435 cc (148.6 in^3)	Straight five	Petrol engine
2.0T	B5204T	2000–2006	132 kW (179 PS; 177 bhp)	240 N·m (180 lb·ft) @2200-4800	1,984 cc (121.1 in^3)	Straight five LPT	Petrol engine
2.4T	B5244T3	2001–2003	147 kW (200 PS; 197 bhp)	285 N·m (210 lb·ft) @1800-5000	2,435 cc (148.6 in^3)	Straight five LPT	Petrol engine
2.5T	B5254T2	2003–2006	155 kW (211 PS; 208 bhp)	320 N·m (240 lb·ft) @1500-4500	2,521 cc (153.8 in^3)	Straight five LPT	Petrol engine
2.9	B6294S	1998–2001	150 kW (204 PS; 201 bhp)	280 N·m (210 lb·ft) @	2,922 cc (178.3 in^3)	Straight six	Petrol engine
2.9	B6294S2	2001–2004	144 kW (196 PS; 193 bhp)	280 N·m (210 lb·ft) @	2,922 cc (178.3 in^3)	Straight six	Petrol engine
T6	B6284T	1998–2001	200 kW (272 PS; 268 bhp)	380 N·m (280 lb·ft) @	2,783 cc (169.8 in^3)	Straight six twin-turbo	Petrol engine
T6	B6294T	2002–2006	200 kW (272 PS; 268 bhp)	380 N·m (280 lb·ft) @	2,922 cc (178.3 in^3)	Straight six twin-turbo	Petrol engine

Diesel engines

Model	Engine code	Year(s)	Power	Torque @rpm	Displacement	Engine configuration	Fuel
2.5 TDI*	D5252T (MSA 15.8)	1998–2001	103 kW (140 PS; 138 bhp)	280 N·m (210 lb·ft) @	2,461 cc (150.2 in^3)	Straight five turbocharged	Diesel engine
2.4D	D5244T	2001–2006	130 PS (96 kW; 128 hp)	280 N·m (210 lb·ft) @1750-3000	2,401 cc (146.5 in^3)	Straight five turbocharged common rail	Diesel engine
D5	D5244T2	2001–2006	163 PS (120 kW; 161 hp)	340 N·m (250 lb·ft) @1750-3000	2,401 cc (146.5 in^3)	Straight five turbocharged common rail	Diesel engine

• *Volvo used a modified version of the 2.5 TDI VAG engine

Safety

EuroNCAP tested the first generation Volvo S80, running from 1998 to 2003. They tested a left-hand drive, 4-door saloon, registered in 2000, with front seatbelt pretensioners, seatbelt load limiters, as well as front, side, body, and head airbags:

Test	Score	Points
Overall:	N/A	N/A
Adult occupant:		29
Pedestrian:		14

Scores given for the car showed pedestrians' legs facing a very aggressive front end, resulting in only 2 stars of 4 for pedestrian safety. Despite this EuroNCAP did state "This large Volvo is very safe and gave a good all round performance" due to the good adult protection inside the car in the event of a collision.^[15]

Second generation (2006–2016)

Second generation
2010 Volvo S80 (US)
Overview
Production	2006–2016
Model years	2007–2016
Assembly	Sweden: Torslanda (Torslandaverken) Malaysia: Shah Alam (SMA)
Designer	Todd Levy (2004)[16][17]
Body and chassis
Platform	Volvo P3 platform[18][19]
Related	Volvo V70 III Volvo XC60 Land Rover Freelander Ford Mondeo
Powertrain
Engine	2.0 L I4 (petrol) 2.0 L I4 (flexifuel) 2.5 L I5 turbo (petrol) 3.0 L I6 turbo (petrol) 3.2 L I6 (petrol) 4.4 L V8 (petrol) 1.6 L I4 (turbodiesel) 2.0 L I4 (turbodiesel) 2.0 L I5 (turbodiesel) 2.4 L I5 (turbodiesel)
Transmission	6-speed Volvo M66 manual 6-speed Aisin TF-80SC automatic 8-speed Aisin TG-81SC automatic[20]
Dimensions
Wheelbase	2,835 mm (111.6 in) 2,975 mm (117.1 in)[21] (S80L)
Length	4,854 mm (191.1 in) 4,991 mm (196.5 in) (S80L)
Width	1,861 mm (73.3 in)
Height	1,490 mm (58.7 in)
Kerb weight	1,565–1,860 kg (3,450–4,101 lb) [22][23][24]

Rear view

The second generation S80 was unveiled at the Geneva Motor Show on 28 February, with sales beginning in June 2006. The new S80 features a new 3.2-litre straight-six engine or 4.4-litre V8 engine, in combination with available four-wheel drive. The second-generation S80 is the first Volvo saloon model to become available with Volvo's compact, transversely fitted B8444S V8 with a power output of 315 PS (232 kW; 311 hp) and 440 newton metres (325 lbf·ft) of torque developed jointly by Volvo Cars engine unit Skövde and Yamaha, but built by Yamaha of Japan. The engine features four catalytic converters and advanced electronics. The structure featured high strength boron steel for safety.

The second generation S80 received the IIHS 2007 Top Safety Pick Award in overall safety protection. Also again in November the IIHS awarded the 2008 Volvo S80 with Top Safety Award.

The new S80 is based on the Ford EUCD platform (called P24 by Volvo), also used for vehicles including the Ford S-MAX, Ford Mondeo, and Ford Galaxy large MPVs.^[25] Volvo's Personal Car Communicator (PCC) remote control will also be an optional feature with the new S80.

Blind spot detector on side mirrors

The S80 is available with optional Adaptive cruise control (ACC) with Collision Warning and Brake Support (CWBS). Brake Support offers additional assistance by preparing the braking system so that the car can begin stopping faster and preparing for panic brake application. The S80 is also equipped with an adaptive brake light as standard which is active at speeds above 30 mph (48 km/h), and can sense the difference between normal and panic braking. Ready Alert Brakes (RAB) are also available to anticipate severe braking. It prepares for this by moving the brake pads closer to the discs.

The S80 is available with a Blind Spot Information System as well as Lane Departure Warning, it can be turned on from 40 mph (64 km/h).

The T4 variant features the 1.6L turbocharged EcoBoost engine and is exclusively available in Asia only.

Second generation models

S80L

The S80L is a long-wheelbase version designed and sold only in China. It is manufactured by the joint venture Changan-Volvo in Chongqing, China.^[26] Wheelbase and overall length have been increased by 14 cm^[27] The 2011 version has a wheelbase of 2976 mm and is powered by a turbo 2.0 or 3.0 engine.^[28]

2010 update

New features include a choice of five-cylinder 2.4-litre D5 twin-turbo diesel, 2.4-litre diesel, or 1.6-litre diesel engine. Also the 2.5T and 2.5FT were modified to produce more power and have a lower fuel consumption. The update also came with the discontinuation of the Yamaha-based V8 engine. The car's exterior was modified to give the S80 a lower, longer and wider stance. More chrome trim was added to the front, the rear end, and the doors to look like the S80 Executive. The 2010 Volvo S80 facelift also comes with a choice between a comfort-enhancing standard chassis, or a sport one that offers better handling dynamics. The 2010 S80 will be available with a S80 R-design interior package to give the inside a sportier look. The interior package contains a new sports steering wheel, sports pedals, Dynamic leather seats, sports gearshift knob, and a new instrument with blue background. With the rest of the Volvo range, a factory stereo option, Dynaudio Premium Sound was downgraded to 'Premium Sound'.^[29]

The car was unveiled in 2009 at the Geneva Motor Show.^[30]

2012

The 2012 Volvo S80 now features turn signals on the outside mirrors, a new 7-inch Sensus infotainment system in the center of the dash, genuine wood interior trim and Bluetooth audio streaming. Volvo's City Safety technology is also now standard.

2014 update

New front and rear bumpers, new lower front fascia, new grille style, new touch screen infotainment system, new optional digital gauge cluster, and additional interior ambient lighting.

2015

The base 2015 Volvo S80 is powered by a new turbocharged 2.0-liter four-cylinder engine with 240 horsepower, which is the same output as the 3.2-liter six-cylinder in the 2014 model. A new eight-speed automatic transmission comes standard, and the base S80 also gets a new auto start/stop feature, which turns the engine off when the car is stopped to conserve fuel. The 2015 S80 achieves an EPA-estimated 25/37 mpg city/highway, which is a notable improvement over the 2014 model’s 20/29 mpg rating. T6 AWD models come with a turbocharged 3.0-liter six-cylinder engine that produces 300 horsepower. A six-speed automatic transmission and all-wheel drive are also standard on T6 models. The T6 gets slightly better fuel economy than the 2014 model T6.

The 2015 Volvo S80 comes standard with a leather-wrapped steering wheel and Volvo’s Sensus infotainment system, which features a 7-inch HD color screen. An optional IntelliSafe technology package adds features like adaptive cruise control, Lane Keeping Aid, forward collision warning with pedestrian and cyclist detection and Active High Beam, which automatically set the headlights to low beams when oncoming traffic is approaching. City Safety with Pedestrian detection, cyclist detection and Forward Collision Warning, Pedestrian airbag, 360° camera and Park Assist Pilot.

An optional climate package includes heated front and rear seats, a heated windshield and a heated steering wheel. The 2015 Volvo S80 went on sale in early 2014 and starts at $40,500 in the US.

2015.5

Introduced in late 2014, midyear changes introduced for the 2015.5 model include new standard Sensus Connect and Volvo On-Call with 6-month complimentary subscriptions, new Sensus Navigation with Map Care, and a new optional Harmon Kardon Premium Sound System. The 2015.5 Volvo S80 starts at $41,450 in the US.

2016

The Volvo S80 offers an expanded array of standard features for 2016 which includes heated front seats, Interior Air Quality System (IAQS), power glass sunroof, and 18-inch “Magni” alloy wheels. The S80 T5 Drive-E Platinum trim gains Volvo’s Blind Spot Information System (BLIS) as standard. New S80 options include a wood steering wheel and 19-inch “Bor” alloy wheels with a lowered Sport Chassis. The T6 six-cylinder engine and all-wheel-drive model have been discontinued for the 2016 model year. The 2016 Volvo S80 T5 FWD Drive-E starts at $43,450 in the US. 2016 is expected to be the last model year for the S80. The S80's successor, the S90, was unveiled at the Detroit Auto Show in January 2016. ^[31]

Engines

Petrol engines

Model	Engine code	Year(s)	Power	Torque @rpm	Displacement	Engine configuration	Fuel
2.0	B4204S3	2008–2009	107 kW (145 PS; 143 bhp)	185 N·m (136 lb·ft) @	1,999 cc (122.0 in^3)	Inline-four	Petrol
2.0F	B4204S4[32]	2008–2009	107 kW (145 PS; 143 bhp)	185 N·m (136 lb·ft) @	1,999 cc (122.0 in^3)	Inline-four	E85/petrol FlexiFuel
2.0	X	2009–	107 kW (145 PS; 143 bhp)	190 N·m (140 lb·ft) @	1,999 cc (122.0 in^3)	Inline-four	Petrol
2.0F	X	2009–	107 kW (145 PS; 143 bhp)	190 N·m (140 lb·ft) @	1,999 cc (122.0 in^3)	Inline-four	E85/petrol FlexiFuel
2.5T	B5254T6	2006–2009	147 kW (200 PS; 197 bhp)	300 N·m (220 lb·ft) @	2,521 cc (153.8 in^3)	Inline-five LPT	Petrol
2.5FT	B5254T8	2008–2009	147 kW (200 PS; 197 bhp)	300 N·m (220 lb·ft) @	2,521 cc (153.8 in^3)	Inline-five LPT	E85/petrol FlexiFuel
2.5T	B5254T10	2009–	170 kW (231 PS; 228 bhp)	340 N·m (250 lb·ft) @	2,521 cc (153.8 in^3)	Inline-five LPT	Petrol
2.5FT	X	2009–	170 kW (231 PS; 228 bhp)	340 N·m (250 lb·ft) @	2,521 cc (153.8 in^3)	Inline-five LPT	E85/petrol FlexiFuel
T4	X	2011–2016	134 kW (182 PS; 180 bhp)	240 N·m (180 lb·ft) @	1,596 cc (97.4 in^3)	Inline-four turbocharged	Petrol
T5	X	2013–2016	180 kW (245 PS; 241 bhp)	350 N·m (260 lb·ft) @	1,969 cc (120.2 in^3)	Inline-four turbocharged	Petrol
3.2 3.2 AWD	B6324S[33]	2006–2010	175 kW (238 PS; 235 bhp)	320 N·m (240 lb·ft) @	3,192 cc (194.8 in^3)	Inline-six	Petrol
T6 AWD	B6304T2	2008–2010	210 kW (286 PS; 282 bhp)	400 N·m (300 lb·ft) @	2,953 cc (180.2 in^3)	Inline-six turbocharged	Petrol
T6 AWD	B6304T4	2010–2013	224 kW (305 PS; 300 bhp)	440 N·m (320 lb·ft) @	2,953 cc (180.2 in^3)	Inline-six turbocharged	Petrol
V8 AWD[34]	B8444S	2006–2010	232 kW (315 PS; 311 bhp)	440 N·m (320 lb·ft) @	4,414 cc (269.4 in^3)	V8	Petrol

Diesel engines

Model	Engine Code	Year(s)	Power	Torque @rpm	Displacement	Engine configuration	Fuel
1.6D DRIVe	D4164T	2009–	80 kW (109 PS; 107 bhp)	240 N·m (180 lb·ft) @	1,560 cc (95.2 in^3)	Inline-four turbocharged common rail	Diesel
2.0D	D4204T	2008–	100 kW (136 PS; 134 bhp)	320 N·m (240 lb·ft) @	1,997 cc (121.9 in^3)	Inline-four turbocharged common rail	Diesel
2.4D	D5244T5	2006–2009	120 kW (163 PS; 161 bhp)	340 N·m (250 lb·ft) @	2,400 cc (146.5 in^3)	Inline-five turbocharged common rail	Diesel
2.4D	D5244T14	2009–	129 kW (175 PS; 173 bhp)	420 N·m (310 lb·ft) @	2,400 cc (146.5 in^3)	Inline-five turbocharged common rail	Diesel
D4	D5204T3[35]	–2014	120 kW (163 PS; 161 bhp)	400 N·m (300 lb·ft) @	1,984 cc (121.1 in^3)	Inline-five turbocharged common rail	Diesel
D4	D4204T5[35]	2014–2016	133 kW (181 PS; 178 bhp)	400 N·m (300 lb·ft) @	1,969 cc (120.2 in^3)	Inline-four turbocharged common rail	Diesel
D5 D5 AWD	D5244T4	2006–2009	136 kW (185 PS; 182 bhp)	400 N·m (300 lb·ft) @	2,400 cc (146.5 in^3)	Inline-five turbocharged common rail	Diesel
D5 D5 AWD	D5244T10	2009–2000	151 kW (205 PS; 202 bhp)	420 N·m (310 lb·ft) @	2,400 cc (146.5 in^3)	Inline-five twin-turbo common rail	Diesel

Safety

IIHS S80:^[36]

Moderate overlap frontal offset	Good
Small overlap frontal offset	Good^1
Side impact	Good
Roof strength	Good^2

¹ vehicle structure rated "Good"

² strength-to-weight ratio: 4.26

Special versions

The S80 is also used as a base for specialised cars such as lengthened limousines, hearses,^[37] and ambulances.^[38] One company producing such models is Nilsson Special Vehicles, based in Laholm, Sweden. Ambulance models receive a completely new body from behind the b-pillar as well as a raised roof. A sliding side door is installed on the right hand side (sometimes on both sides) and the tailgate is enlarged to allow easier access. Nilsson only manufactured ambulances based on the first generation S80. Nilsson has built limousines^[39] and hearses^[40] based on both generations of the S80.^[41] They also manufacture the official state car for a few heads of state, including for the King of Sweden and the King of the Netherlands.^[42]

• 

  Stretched first generation S80 with six doors (SE)

• 

  Stretched first generation S80 with four doors (SE)

• 

  First generation S80 ambulance (CZ)

• 

  First generation S80 ambulance, RHD model (UK)

Armored versions are also available. The first generation could be ordered from the factory with the actual armoring done by an outside company. The current model armoured version is available from Czech specialists SVOS. No factory armoring is offered.

See also

• Volvo ECC

References

1. http://www.autocar.co.uk/car-news/motor-shows-detroit-motor-show/new-volvo-s90-2016-photos-and-specs
2. "IIHS S80 Report". Iihs.org. 1 September 2010. Retrieved 9 October 2010.
3. http://www.volvoclub.org.uk/press/s80/S80-TheStory.pdf
4. Press release http://www.volvoclub.org.uk/press/s80/press/s80press1.shtml
5. "Volvo 2003 S80 Specification" (PDF). Retrieved 9 October 2010.
6. http://new.volvocars.com/ownersdocs/1999/1999_S80/99s80_09.htm#pg119
7. http://new.volvocars.com/ownersdocs/2002/2002_S80/02s80_09.htm#pg125
8. http://new.volvocars.com/ownersdocs/2005/2005_S80/05s80_09.htm#pg145
9. http://new.volvocars.com/ownersdocs/2006/2006_s80/06s80_09.htm#pg151
10. "Volvo Owners Club UK S80 production data". Volvoclub.org.uk. 31 December 2009. Retrieved 9 October 2010.
11. "Volvo Owners Club UK Summary of S80 Launch Press Release". Volvoclub.org.uk. Retrieved 9 October 2010.
12. "Volvo Owners Club UK S80 Environment Press Release". Volvoclub.org.uk. Retrieved 9 October 2010.
13. "Volvo Early S80 Press Release" (PDF). Retrieved 9 October 2010.
14. "Volvo S80 1999 Specifications" (PDF). Retrieved 9 October 2010.
15. "Volvo S80 | Euro NCAP - For safer cars crash test safety rating". Euro NCAP. Retrieved 6 January 2012.
16. Volvo Car Group Global Media Newsroom
17. Todd Levy - Sverige | LinkedIn
18. P3 designation being used in official Volvo literature http://i548.photobucket.com/albums/ii351/agarberg/da8bfcc8.jpg
19. https://www.volvotechinfo.com/index.cfm?event=viewFile&fileName=TJ19245-2014-02-06.pdf&hash=56909628D48CBD483FEBEE3D4F44ED25
20. road test http://carproductstested.com/cars/2015-volvo-s80-d4-geartronic-se-lux-review-updated-swedish-exec-gets-greener/
21. https://www.media.volvocars.com/global/en-gb/media/pressreleases/18997
22. http://new.volvocars.com/ownersdocs/2008/2008_s80/08s80_06b.htm#pg269
23. http://new.volvocars.com/ownersdocs/2007/2007_s80/07S80_06b.htm#pg243
24. https://www.volvoclub.org.uk/pdf/s80/S80MY09PriceListMay.pdf
25. Wim Oude Weernink and Bradford Wernle. "Building Blocks: Ford learns a lesson from Lego". AutoWeek. Retrieved 30 March 2006.
26. http://www.carnewschina.com/2013/06/06/facelifted-volvo-s80l-debuts-in-china/
27. http://www.auto-motor-und-sport.de/news/volvo-s80l-verlaengerte-limousine-fuer-china-872100.html
28. "2011 Volvo S80L Employs Smaller, GTDi Engine". ChinaAutoWeb.com. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
29. http://www.edmunds.com/car-technology/car-audio/2011-volvo-s60-t6-awd-audio-review.html
30. Lavrinc, Damon (26 February 2009). "Geneva Preview: Volvo readies updated S80 for Swiss debut". Autoblog.com. Retrieved 9 October 2010.
31. http://www.motorauthority.com/news/1101089_2017-volvo-s90-u-s-specs-revealed
32. https://www.media.volvocars.com/global/en-gb/models/s80/2008/specifications
33. http://www.carspecscatalog.com/browse/makes/31/4142
34. http://www.myvolvolibrary.info/S80_ficheiros/S80MY09_US.pdf
35. https://www.media.volvocars.com/global/en-gb/models/s80/2014/specifications
36. Vehicle details
37. http://img.favcars.com/nilsson/volvo-s80/nilsson_volvo-s80_images_1.jpg
38. http://www.diabgroup.com/Cases/Transport/Lightweight-high-strength-sandwich-composites-chosen-for-new-Nilsson-Ambulance
39. http://img.favcars.com/nilsson/volvo-s80/nilsson_volvo-s80_images_2.jpg
40. http://img.favcars.com/nilsson/volvo-s80/nilsson_volvo_s80__wallpapers_1.jpg
41. http://www.nilsson.se/limousine/
42. http://www.volvocars.com/intl/about/our-stories/made-by-sweden

External links

• Volvo S80 Official Site