Voter caging

This article is about voter suppression. For Caging in the direct mail industry, see Caging (direct mail).

Voter caging refers to challenging the registration status of voters and calling into question the legality of allowing them to vote. Sometimes it involves sending direct mail to the addressees of registered voters, and compiling a list of addressees from which the mail is returned undelivered. This list is then used to purge or challenge voters’ registrations on the grounds that the voters do not legally reside at the registered addresses. In the United States, this practice is legal in many states. However, it has been challenged in the courts and due to its perceived racial bias, has been declared illegal under the Voting Rights Act of 1965. The term voter caging has also been applied to recent cases where increased requirements for proof of identity, residency and eligibility have been added with the intent to limit the number of eligible voters.[1]

Method

Voter caging typically refers to the practice of sending mail to addresses on the voter rolls, compiling a list of the mail that is returned undelivered, and using that list to purge or challenge voters’ registrations and votes on the grounds that the voters on the roll do not legally reside at their registered addresses.[2]

Usually, a political party will send out non-forwardable, first class mail to voters or particular voters they want to target (often assumed to be a demographic that belongs to the opposing party). They compile a list of voters for whom mail has been returned as undeliverable. This list is called a caging list. In some cases such mail can be returned at a rate of 1 in every 15 letters sent out; this was shown in Ohio in 2008 when the Board of Elections had 600,000 letters of voter confirmation returned as undeliverable.[3] The party uses caging lists created by themselves or by the Board of Elections to challenge the registration status of voters and potentially purge them from the voting rolls under state laws which allow voters whose registrations are suspect to be challenged. When the voter turns out to vote, he or she may be challenged and required to cast a provisional ballot. If investigation of the provisional ballot demonstrates that the voter has just moved or there is an error in his/her address and the voter is legally registered then the vote should be counted, and vice versa.

United States

Legality

Section 8 of the National Voter Registration Act of 1993 (NVRA) has been interpreted to prohibit voter caging. It states:

"Pursuant to the NVRA, a voter may not be removed from the voters list unless (1) the voter has requested removal; (2) state law requires removal by reason of criminal conviction or mental capacity; (3) the voter has confirmed in writing that he has moved outside the jurisdiction maintaining the specific voter list, or (4) the voter both (a) has failed to respond to a cancellation notice issued pursuant to the NVRA and (b) has not voted or appeared to vote in the two federal general elections following the date of notice."[4]

Under this provision, voter caging may be legal if the primary purpose is to identify those who are not properly registered to vote and prevent them from voting illegally, but not if the purpose is to disenfranchise legitimately registered voters on the basis of a technicality.

Examples

1980s

In 1981 and 1986 the Republican National Committee (RNC) sent out letters to predominantly African-American neighborhoods. When tens of thousands of them were returned undeliverable, the party successfully challenged the voters and had them deleted from voting rolls. Due to the violation of the Voting Rights Act, the RNC was taken to court. Its officials entered a consent decree which prohibited the party from engaging in anti-fraud initiatives that targeted minorities or conducting mail campaigns to "compile voter challenge lists."[5]

The Republican National Committee sent letters to predominantly black neighborhoods in New Jersey in 1981. When 45,000 letters were returned as undeliverable, the committee compiled a challenge list to remove those voters from the rolls. The RNC then sent off-duty law enforcement officials to the polls and hung posters in heavily black neighborhoods warning that violating election laws is a crime. The effect was to suppress or intimidate black voters.

In Louisiana in 1986, the Republican National Committee tried to have 31,000 voters, most of them black, removed from the rolls when a party mailer was returned. Again the action was challenged and dismissed. The court consent decrees that resulted prohibited the party from engaging in anti-fraud initiatives that target minorities or conduct mail campaigns to "compile voter challenge lists."

2004 elections

BBC journalist Greg Palast obtained an RNC document entitled "State Implementation Template III.doc" that described Republican election operations for caging plans in numerous states. The paragraph in the document pertaining to caging was:

V. Pre Election Day Operations New Registration Mailing
At whatever point registration in the state closes, a first class mailing should be sent to all new registrants as well as purged/inactive voters. This mailing should welcome the recipient to the voter rolls. It is important that a return address is clearly identifiable. Any mail returned as undeliverable for any reason, should be used to generate a list of problematic registrations. Poll watchers should have this list and be prepared to challenge anyone from this list attempting to vote.[6][7]

Shortly before the 2004 election, Palast also obtained a caging list for Jacksonville, Florida, which contained a high number of African Americans and registered Democrats. The list was attached to an email which a Florida Republican Party official was sending to RNC headquarters official Tim Griffin.[7][8][9]

The Republican National Committee also sent letters to predominantly minority areas in Cleveland, Ohio. When 35,000 letters were returned as undeliverable, the party employed poll watchers to challenge the voters right to vote. Civil liberties groups challenged the RNC in a case that went to the Supreme Court, but the RNC was not stopped from challenging those voters.[10]

Similarly, the RNC sent out 130,000 letters to minority areas in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania hoping to cage voters there; Philadelphia has a majority of African Americans and votes heavily Democratic.[5]

Journalists found evidence that the RNC also attempted to use voter caging to suppress or intimidate voters in New Mexico, Ohio, Florida, Nevada and Pennsylvania and other states. For example, in New Jersey RNC officials used caging lists to challenge absentee ballots and absentee ballot requests.[10]

2008 elections

References

  1. ↑ "An Investigation into the Removal of Nine U.S. Attorneys in 2006" (PDF). U.S. Department of Justice. September 2008. Retrieved 2012-10-06.
  2. ↑ http://www.usdoj.gov/oig/special/s0809a/final.pdf
  3. ↑ "Nearly 600,000 Ohio Votes May Be Disenfranchised". August 13, 2008. Archived from the original on November 27, 2008.
  4. ↑ Brayton, Ed (September 18, 2008). "Lawsuit says Michigan is violating Motor-Voter law". The Michigan Messenger.
  5. 1 2 Becker, Jo (October 29, 2004). "GOP Challenging Voter Registrations". The Washington Post. p. A05.
  6. ↑ "Republican National Committee caging plan protected emails, 2004". Wikileaks. October 8, 2008.
  7. 1 2 Johnston, Mark. "Suppressing the Vote", E Pluribus Media, 14 Apr 2007, accessed 16 Nov 2008
  8. ↑ "The Caging List: Jacksonville, 2004 Elections". Black Voter Net. October 30, 2004. Retrieved 2012-10-06.
  9. ↑ Palast, Greg. "New Florida Vote Scandal Feared", BBC News, 24 Oct 2004, accessed 16 Nov 2008
  10. 1 2 "Emails Detail RNC Voter Suppression in Five States", Truthout, accessed 16 Nov 2008. The caging list was named Exhibit 3.
  11. 1 2 Melzer, Eartha Jane (November 13, 2008). "Judge: Michigan voter purge is illegal". The Michigan Messenger.
  12. ↑ "Lawsuit says Michigan is violating Motor Voter Law", Michigan Messenger, accessed 16 Nov 2008
  13. ↑ Tuesday, Bill W. "Kansas GOP Chair Sends Email Boasting of Voter Caging", Crooks and Liars, 26 December 2007, accessed 16 Nov 2008
  14. ↑ Bousquet, Steve. "Democrats, Florida elections officials criticize GOP mailing", Tampa Bay, 16 September 2008, accessed 16 November 2008
  15. ↑ Aanestad, Christina (October 28, 2008). "Voter Caging in Northern Cali?".
  16. ↑ Bohlinger, John (October 5, 2008). "Republicans crossed line with voter purge attempt". Montana Standard.
  17. ↑ "United States Student Association Foundation v. Land - Order". American Civil Liberties Union. October 13, 2008. Retrieved 2012-10-06.
  18. ↑ Urbina, Ian. "States Actions to Block Voters Appear Illegal", The New York Times, 9 October 2008, accessed 16 November 2008

External links

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