Wake-Walker v SS Colin W Ltd
| Wake-Walker v SS Colin W Ltd | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Court | Judicial Committee of the Privy Council |
| Full case name | Captain W. F. Wake-Walker O.B.E. R.N. v Steamer Colin W. Limited and others |
| Decided | 15 April 1937 |
| Citation(s) | Captain W. F. Wake-Walker O.B.E. R.N. v Steamer Colin W. Limited and others [1937] UKPC 49, [1937] 2 D.L.R. 753 (P.C.), [1937] 58 Ll.L.Rep. 11 (15 April 1937), P.C. (on appeal from Canada) |
| Case history | |
| Prior action(s) | Wake-Walker v. Steamer Colin W. Ltd., [1936] S.C.R. 624[1] |
| Appealed from |
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| Court membership | |
| Judges sitting |
Viscount Sankey Lord Blanesburgh Lord Merrivale Lord Atkin Lord Macmillan Nautical Assessors: Captain Mackay Captain W.R. Chaplin |
| Case opinions | |
| Decision by | Viscount Sankey |
| Keywords | |
| Admiralty law; inevitable accident | |
Wake-Walker v SS Colin W Ltd is a Canadian admiralty law case concerning the issue of inevitable accident. The case was decided by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, in an appeal affirming a ruling by the Supreme Court of Canada.
The Collision between HMS Dragon and the Maplebranch
On 13 August 1934, HMS Dragon under the command of Captain Frederic Wake-Walker was entering the Market (or Victoria) Basin in the harbour of Montreal, Quebec, Canada. After entering the Basin, it attempted to avoid colliding into the Saguenay Trader, but it subsequently collided with an oil bunkering steamer, the Maplebranch, which was securely moored at the time of the collision. The Maplebranch sank.[2] The owners of the Maplebranch sued Wake-Walker for the damages to the Maplebranch and its cargo.
Decisions of the Canadian Courts
Exchequer Court
The admiralty action was heard by Mr. Justice Demers of the Exchequer Court of Canada (Quebec Admiralty District), assisted by two nautical assessors. The plaintiffs alleged that the collision was caused solely by the improper and negligent navigation and mismanagement of Dragon by Wake-Walker. In his defence, Wake-Walker pled inevitable accident, said to be caused by the maneuvering of the Saguenay Trader, which Wake-Walker was trying to avoid hitting. On 21 June 1935, Demers J. held that Wake-Walker was liable.
Supreme Court of Canada
On a 3-2 majority, the Supreme Court of Canada upheld the finding of liability.[1] In his opinion for the majority, Davis J. held that when a vessel under steam collides with a moored vessel, the commander of the vessel under steam is presumed liable for the collision, and has the onus of proving that he was not negligent. Wake-Walker had not done so. In summary, the majority stated:
While I think the onus lay throughout the case upon the appellant to satisfy the Court that there was no fault upon him which directly caused the collision, the learned judge has affirmatively found that there was such fault; and where the trial judge, as here, is not only an experienced local Judge in Admiralty but had the assistance of two assessors to advise him upon matters requiring nautical or other professional knowledge and arrived at a conclusion of fact upon conflicting testimony, it would need a very clear case of error for this Court, without the assistance of any assessors, to reverse such a finding.[3]
Appeal to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council
Wake-Walker's appeal was dismissed by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. In the opinion he delivered, Viscount Sankey noted:
In their Lordships' view the real question is that which Mr Justice Demers proposed to himself and which the Supreme Court of Canada also proposed to themselves: "Has the defendant established that this was an inevitable accident?" It was contended by the learned counsel that there was no duty upon him to anticipate the movement of the Saguenay Trader in the Basin. Their Lordships, however, are of opinion that whatever may have been the right of the defendant, after he had received notice from the Harbour authorities, to expect an empty berth, he had no right to expect an empty Basin, or a Basin either devoid of ships or with ships absolutely motionless.[4]
Therefore, he agreed with the courts below that Wake-Walker had not discharged the onus to prove that the accident had been inevitable.