Walton War

The Walton War was an 1804 boundary dispute between the U.S. states of North Carolina and Georgia over the twelve-mile-wide strip of land called the Orphan Strip.^[1] The Orphan Strip was given to Georgia in 1802, and gave Georgia and North Carolina a shared border. Problems arose when Georgia established Walton County in the small piece of land, because the state boundaries had never been clarified and it was unclear as to whether the Orphan Strip was part of North Carolina or Georgia.^[2] The Walton War remained a dispute primarily between the settlers and the Walton County government until John Havner, a North Carolinian constable, was killed and North Carolina's Buncombe County called in the militia.^[3] By calling in the militia, North Carolina effectively asserted authority over the territory, causing the Walton County government to fail. In 1807, after two years of dispute, a joint commission confirmed that the Orphan Strip belonged to North Carolina, at which point North Carolina extended full amnesty to previous supporters of Walton County.^[2] The Walton War officially ended in 1811 when Georgia's own survey reiterated the 1807 commission's findings and North Carolina took full responsibility for governing the Orphan Strip.^[3]

Causes of war

The Orphan Strip and cession

The Orphan Strip is the name given to a small, twelve-mile-wide strip of land bordering North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia^[4] in what is currently Transylvania County, North Carolina. This piece of land was given the name because none of its bordering states accepted to govern it, and for a period of time it was considered no-man's land. South Carolina initially governed the land, but it was ceded to the federal government after the American Revolution, in 1787. In turn, the federal government gave the land to the Cherokee, who then gave it back to the federal government in 1798.^[3] At this time, the land was not under the direct control of any state and settlers began to settle there with land grants from both South Carolina and North Carolina.^[2]

Following the Revolutionary War, the new federal government encouraged states to cede land between the Mississippi River and the Appalachian Mountains to them.^[2] After the Yazoo land scandal in Georgia, Georgia finally ceded its land that now makes up Alabama and Mississippi to the federal government in return for the orphan strip in 1802. This cession was finalized in 1802 with the Act of Cession, in which Georgia was given small pieces of land including the Orphan Strip. The problem with this act was the lack of clarity as to whether the region was to be governed by North Carolina or Georgia, and the lack of state boundaries.^[3] This problem led to war when both North Carolina and Georgia claimed that the orphan strip belonged to their respective state, and took action to dominate in the area.

Creation of Walton County

After the Orphan Strip was ceded to Georgia in 1802, settlers living there became confused and wanted protection.^[5] In 1803, Georgia created Walton County for the settlers living in the region. This new county was named after George Walton, a senator^[3] and signer of the United States Declaration of Independence. It is still in debate as to whether Georgia created Walton County simply to provide order for the settlers or to compete with North Carolina, but its creation evoked serious confusion and conflict in the small Orphan Strip. Settlers with land grants from South Carolina took to the new Georgian government and refused to accept the government of North Carolina's Buncombe County, and the settlers with land grants from North Carolina rejected the Walton County government.^[2] This difference in allegiances was a minor problem at first, but when the Walton County government tried to collect taxes the problem evolved into a much larger issue.

Course of the war

The war reached its zenith in late 1804, when the Walton County government tried to collect taxes in the Orphan Strip. Settlers who claimed to be part of North Carolina's Buncombe County refused to pay these taxes, which resulted in multiple confrontations of Buncombe supporters.^[2] Some argue that these confrontations were, in fact, the major battles of the war at McGaha Branch and Selica Hill^[6] while others argue that the Walton War consisted of no real battles. Either way, these confrontations were usually violent, and even led to the war's only definite casualty. On December 14, 1804,^[2] John Havner was killed after being hit in the head with a musket.^[3] Havner's death led to the decision of the Buncombe County government to bring in the militia for protection, and on December 19 Major James Brittain led a detachment of 72 militiamen into the Orphan Strip. Upon their arrival, the militia arrested ten officials from Walton County and took them to Morganton, North Carolina to be tried for the murder of John Havner.^[2] All ten prisoners managed to escape and flee before the trial had begun, but it was later concluded that Samuel McAdams was responsible for Havner's death.^[7] The appearance of the North Carolinian militia and the arresting of the ten Walton County officials effectively led to the collapse of the Walton County government because the county was too isolated from Georgia's main cities for a strong defense of the Georgian claim to be made.^[3]

End of the war

For two more years the governors of North Carolina and Georgia could not reach an agreement on the boundary line, so in 1807 they agreed to a joint commission to resolve the quarrel.^[6] The two leaders of the survey, Joseph Caldwell, president of the University of North Carolina, and Joseph Meigs, president of the University of Georgia, concluded that the entire Orphan Strip rested inside North Carolina's territory.^[2] Although Georgia ignored the commission's findings and continued to govern until 1811,^[8] North Carolina gave amnesty to everyone who had supported Walton County during the war.^[9] Georgia finally admitted defeat in 1818 with the creation of a new Walton County elsewhere inside Georgia's territory.^[6]

Ellicott's Rock

Because Georgia was not willing to accept the 1807 commission's conclusion, Georgia hired Andrew Ellicott to survey the boundary once again. Georgia did this because they hoped that Ellicott, being from Georgia, would declare that the Orphan Strip actually resided within Georgia's territory.^[3] Unfortunately for Georgia, Ellicott reinforced what the commission had found and made the official location of the border at Ellicott's Rock on the east bank of the Chattooga River.^[4]

The orphan strip after the war

North Carolina took official governorship of the Orphan Strip in 1811, and in 1838 it was made into part of Henderson County. In 1861, pieces of Jackson County and Henderson County were split off to create present-day Transylvania County, where the Orphan Strip is located today.^[3]

1971 revival

In 1971 Georgia again brought up the issue over which the Walton War was fought by claiming that it did in fact have authority over part of the Orphan Strip.^[2] Georgia's revival of the issue caused the North Carolina militia to mobilize in case defense of the territory was needed, but the issue dissolved without any violence.^[3]

References

↑ Clarence A. "Cal" Carpenter: The Walton War and Tales of the Great Smoky Mts., Copple House Books, Lakemont, Ga., 1979, 191 pp.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 McKown, Harry. "December 1804: Walton War". University of North Carolina Libraries. Retrieved 3 December 2012.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Martin, Jonathan. ry "The Walton War" Check |url= value (help). North Carolina History Project. Retrieved 20 May 2012.
1 2 Parbs, Matt. "The Walton War and Ellicott's Rock". Retrieved 20 May 2012.
↑ d=12691405 "Day One - The Walton War" Check |url= value (help). Transylvania County Schools. Retrieved 21 May 2012.
1 2 3 Day One - The Walton War, 21 May 2012.
↑ Lewis, J.D. "Antebellum Key Events - The Walton War". Retrieved 20 May 2012.
↑ "The Walton War". About North Georgia. Retrieved 20 May 2012.
↑ 76%20-%20'WALTON%20WAR "Walton War" Check |url= value (help). North Carolina Department of Cultural Resources. Retrieved 20 May 2012.

External links

"The Walton War", Chattooga Conservancy, by Carol Greenberger
"The Walton War", by Shawna Hall
"The Walton War", About North Georgia, by Richard E. Irby, Jr.

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