War children

This article is about children with a foreign military parent. For children used as soldiers, see Military use of children. For the mass evacuation of children from Finland during the Continuation War, see Finnish war children. For children of military families, see military brat.
For other uses of "War Child", see War Child (disambiguation).
"War baby" redirects here. For other uses, see War baby (disambiguation).

A war child refers to a child born to a native parent and a parent belonging to a foreign military force (usually an occupying force, but also military personnel stationed at military bases on foreign soil). Having a child by a member of a belligerent forces, throughout history and across cultures, is often considered a grave betrayal of social values. Commonly, the native parent (usually a woman) is disowned by family, friends, and society at large. The term "war child" is most commonly used for children born during World War II and its aftermath, particularly in relation to children born to fathers in German occupying forces in northern Europe. In Norway, there were also Lebensborn children.

It is also applied to other situations, such as children born following the widespread rapes during the 1971 Bangladesh atrocities associated with the war of liberation. The discrimination suffered by the native parent and child in the postwar period did not take into account widespread rapes by occupying forces, or the relationships women had to form in order to survive the war years.

The following article has extensive coverage of issues in Norway during and after World War II.

Discrimination

Children with a parent who was part of an occupying force, or whose parent(s) collaborated with enemy forces, are innocent of any war crimes committed by parents. Yet these children have often been condemned by descent from the enemy and discriminated against in their society. They also suffer from association with a parent whose war crimes are prosecuted in the postwar years. As such children grew to adolescence and adulthood, many harbored feelings of guilt and shame.

An example are the children born during and after World War II whose fathers were military personnel in regions occupied by Nazi-Germany. These children claim they lived with their identity in an inner exile until the 1980s, when some of them officially acknowledged their status. In 1987, Bente Blehr refused anonymity; an interview with her was published in Born Guilty, a collection of 12 interviews with persons whose parent(s) had been associated with German forces in occupied Norway. The first autobiography by the child of a German occupying soldier and Norwegian mother was The Boy from Gimle (1993) by Eystein Eggen; he dedicated his book to all such children. It was published in Norway.

During and in the aftermath of war, women have historically been censured who have voluntary relationships with military personnel of an occupying force. Women who became pregnant from such unions would often take measures to conceal the father's status.

They commonly chose among the following:

After the war, it was common for both mother and child to suffer repercussions from the local population. Such repercussions were widespread throughout Europe. While some women and children suffered torture and deportation, most acts against them fell into one or several of the following categories:

While repercussions were most widespread immediately after the war, sentiments against the women and their children lingered into the 1950s, 60s, and beyond.

War children of World War II

Estimates of the number of war children fathered by German soldiers during World War II are difficult to gauge. Mothers tended to hide such pregnancies for fear of revenge and reprisal by male family members. Lower estimates range in the hundreds of thousands, while upper estimates are much increased, into the millions.[1][2]

Lebensborn program

A Lebensborn birth house

Lebensborn was one of several programs initiated by the Nazi leader Heinrich Himmler to try to secure the racial heredity of the Third Reich. The program mainly served as a welfare institution for parents and children deemed racially valuable, initially, those of SS men. As German forces occupied nations in northern Europe, the organization expanded its program to provide care to suitable women and children, particularly in Norway, where the women were judged suitably Aryan.

In Norway a local Lebensborn office, Abteilung Lebensborn, was established in 1941 to support children of German soldiers and their Norwegian mothers, pursuant to German law (Hitlers Verordnung, July 28, 1942). The organization ran several homes where pregnant women could give birth. Facilities also served as permanent homes for eligible women until the end of the war. Additionally, the organization paid child support on behalf of the father, and covered other expenses, including medical bills, dental treatment and transportation.

In total, between 9 and 15 Lebensborn homes were established. Of the estimated 10,000–12,000 children born to Norwegian mothers and German fathers during the war, 8,000 were registered by Abteilung Lebensborn. In 4,000 of these cases, the father is known. The women were encouraged to give the children up for adoption, and many were transferred to Germany, where they were adopted or raised in orphanages.

During and after the war, the Norwegians commonly referred to these children as tyskerunger, translating as "German-kids" or "Kraut kids", a derogatory term. As a result of later recognition of their post-war mistreatment, the more diplomatic term krigsbarn (war-children) came into use and is now the generally accepted form.

Post-war years

As the war ended, the children and their mothers were made outcasts by many among the general populace in formerly occupied countries. They grieved and resented the losses of the war, and everything that had to do with Germany. The children and their mothers were often isolated socially, and many children were bullied by other children, and sometimes by adults, due to their origin.

For instance, immediately after the peace, 14,000 women were arrested in Norway on suspicion of "collaboration" or association with the enemy; 5,000 were, without any judiciary process, placed in forced labor camps for a year and a half.[3] Their heads were shaved, and they were beaten and raped.[3][4] In an interview for the Swedish newspaper Dagens Nyheter, war children claim that, while living at an orphanage in Bergen, they were forced as children to parade on the streets so the local population could whip them and spit at them.[3]

In a survey conducted by the Norwegian Ministry of Social Affairs in 1945, the local government in one third of the counties expressed an unfavorable view of the war children. The same year the Ministry of Social Affairs briefly explored the possibility of reuniting the children and their mothers with surviving fathers in post-war Germany, but decided against this.

Five hundred children who were still cared for in Lebensborn facilities at the end of the war had to leave as the homes were closed down. Some children were left to state custody, during a time when such care was marked by strict rules, insufficient education, and abuse. Approximately 20 children ended up in a mental institution in 1946, due to lack of space in other institutions and unsuccessful adoption attempts. Some remained there past their 18th birthdays.

Due to the political attitudes prevailing after the end of the war, the Norwegian government made proposals to forcibly deport 8000 children and their mothers to Germany, but there were concerns that the deportees would have no means of livelihood there. Another option was to send them to Sweden. Australia was also considered after the Swedish government declined to accept these people; the Norwegian government later shelved such proposals.[5]

Financial and legal issues

In 1950, diplomatic relations improved so that the Norwegian government was able to collect child support from identified fathers of war children who were living in West Germany and Austria. As of 1953 such payments were made. Child support from fathers living in East Germany was kept in locked accounts until diplomatic relations between the two countries were established in 1975.

Some of the war children have tried to obtain official recognition for past mistreatment. Supporters claim the discrimination against them equated to an attempt at genocide. In December 1999, 122 war children filed a claim in the Norwegian courts for the failure of the state to protect them as Norwegian citizens. The case was to test the boundaries of the law; seven persons signed the claim. The courts have ruled such suits as void due to the statute of limitations.

The law of Norway allows citizens who have experienced neglect or mistreatment by failure of the state to apply for "simple compensation" (an arrangement that is not subject to the statute of limitations). In July 2004 the government expanded this compensation program to include war children who had experienced lesser difficulties. The basic compensation rate is set to 20,000 NOK (€2,500 / $3,000) for what Norwegian government terms "mobbing" (bullying). Those who can document other abuse can receive up to 200,000 NOK (25,000 € / $30,000).

On March 8, 2007, 158 war children were to have their case heard at the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg. They demanded reparations of between 500,000 SEK (≈ 431,272 NOK) and 2,000,000 SEK (≈ 1,725,088 NOK) each for systematic abuse. The Norwegian government contested the claim that the children were abused with the consent of the government.[6]

Medical experimentation

In conjunction with the 1999 claim by the war children, a motion was filed in September 2000 alleging that 10 war children were subject to experiments with LSD approved by the Norwegian government and financed by the CIA, the American intelligence agency.[7][8][9]

In the postwar years, medical staff in several European countries, and the United States, conducted clinical trials or experimental treatment involving LSD, most of them at some point between 1950 and 1970. In Norway, trials involved volunteer patients under a protocol after traditional medical treatments had proved unsuccessful.[9]

Acknowledgment and apology

Since the mid-80s, the fate of the war children has become well known in Norway. The government of Norway has acknowledged its neglect of them. The Prime Minister of Norway apologized publicly in his New Year's Eve speech in 2000. As adults, the 150 former Lebensborn Children are suing for reparations and damages from the Norwegian government for failing to protect them and discriminating against them.[10]

The most famous of Norway's war children is Anni-Frid Lyngstad, the former ABBA singer. By marriage she is Princess Anni-Frid Reuss of Plauen.

Norway

German forces invaded Norway in 1940 and occupied the country until 1945. At the end of the war, the German forces stood at 372,000. It is estimated that between 10,000 and 12,000 children were born to Norwegian mothers with German partners during the occupation.[11] As Nazi ideology considered Norwegians to be pure Aryans, German authorities did not prohibit soldiers from pursuing relationships with Norwegian women. Their Lebensborn organization encouraged it.

After the war these women especially, but also their children, were mistreated in Norway.

Denmark

German forces occupied Denmark between 1940 and 1945. German soldiers were allowed to fraternize with Danish women, who were also considered Aryan. The government has estimated between 6,000 and 8,000 children were born to Danish mothers with German partners during or just after the occupation. The women were nicknamed "German Girls," used in a pejorative sense. The Danish government has documented 5,579 such children.[12]

In 1999 the Danish government allowed this group access to parenthood archives. They exempted these descendants from the country's normal secrecy period of 80 years for such records.

France

German soldiers were forbidden from having relationships with French women by the Nazi regime at the beginning of the Occupation. Due to difficulties of enforcement, the military later tolerated fraternization. This was an intermediate situation between the encouragement of similar relationships in Denmark and Norway, and strict prohibition in Eastern Europe. The different regulations were based on Nazi racial ideology as to which populations they considered racially pure enough as to be desirable for children born to their men.[13]

The number of war children born to French women in France by German soldier fathers in the years 1941-1949, is estimated to be 75,000 to 200,000.[14][15] After the expulsion of German troops from France, those women who were known to have had relationships with German soldiers, were arrested, "judged," and exposed in the streets to public condemnation and attacks. Having their heads shaved in public to mark them was a common punishment.[16] Such descendants have formed a group to represent them, Amicale Nationale des Enfants de la Guerre.

Netherlands

The Nazis considered the women of the Netherlands to be Aryan and acceptable for fraternization by German soldiers. The Dutch Institute for War Documentation originally estimated that around 10,000 children by German fathers were born to Dutch mothers during the occupation. However, recent figures, based on newly available records at the archives of the German Wehrmacht (name of the German armed forces from 1935–45), indicate that the true number could be as high as 50,000.[17]

Finland

Not to be confused with Finnish war children, children who were evacuated from Finland during World War II.

During the wartime and the post-war period, Finnish women gave birth to 468,269 children in Finland in the period 1940–1945. A small portion, about 1,100 of the children, were fathered by foreign troops. Some 700 children were born to German soldiers, 200–300 to Soviet POWs, and 100 to Swedish volunteers. Depending much on the foreign father's background, most of these children were left fatherless, and some of the mothers, along with their children, faced discrimination in the Finnish society.[18][19]

German soldiers

After the revision of the Anti-Comintern Pact in 1941, there were, at best, somewhat 200,000 German soldiers in Finland, the vast majority in the Finnish Lapland, in the period 1941–1944. According to the National Archives of Finland, as many as 3,000 Finnish women, some working for the voluntary auxiliary paramilitary organisation Lotta Svärd and some for the Wehrmacht, had relationships with German soldiers. An estimated 700 children were born to German soldiers in Finland, and were mostly unplanned.[20] Many German soldiers were aware of safe sex and the Wehrmacht kept them well-equipped with condoms, which has been estimated to effectively keep a relatively low impregnation rate for the Finnish women who had sexual intercourse with German soldiers. A booklet published by the OKW in 1943, Der deutsche Soldat und die Frau aus fremdem Volkstum, allowed German soldiers to marry those Finnish women who can be considered to represent the "Aryan race," hinting that there was some uncertainty among Nazi authorities about ethnic Finns' "genetic suitability."[18]

Finland was a co-belligerent (1941–44) of Germany until the beginning of the Lapland War (1944–45), a war fought between Germany and Finland. Alone in the fall of 1944, during the Lapland War, some 1,000 Finnish women, two-thirds of them aging from 17 to 24, left the country and stood with German soldiers. The reasons for leaving the country with the enemy varied, but the most common reason was a relationship with a German soldier. Subsequently most of these women returned to Finland, as their presence was commonly unwelcomed and some facing mistreatment, such as forced labor, in their new abode in Germany.[21] After the war, most of the Finnish mothers that had children with German soldiers were left as single parents. Some of these children got adopted by the Finnish men who married the children's mothers.

Some Finnish women who were associated with German soldiers faced discrimination in the Finnish society. The discrimination was not generally as harsh as other European women experienced elsewhere for the same reason, mostly due to the thought of "Finnish-German brotherhood-in-arms" during the co-belligerence and that those countries shared a mutual enemy, the Soviet Union, whose some POWs captured by the Finns were also intimately involved with Finnish women, which was considered much more forbidden (see the section below). Also the children fathered by German soldiers encountered discrimination in their youth.[19]

Soviet prisoners of war

During the wartime, there were about 69,700 Soviet POWs in Finland, of which 5,700 were taken in the Winter War (1939–40) and 64,000 in the Continuation War (1941–44). Some POWs' living conditions were relatively good, as, at best, some 15,000 of them were placed on farms, where they were used as forced labor, usually working rather freely together with Finnish civilians. Some of these POWs had relationships with Finnish women. An estimated 600 Finnish women had relationships with Soviet POWs, and 200–300 children were born to POWs and Finnish women.[22] These women's backgrounds varied, some were sole, while some were widowed by the war. Some relationships were adulterous, as some of the women were married to Finnish soldiers who were absent at the time. The usage of condoms was scarce, partially due to the lack of their availability to POWs and partially due to the lack of Finnish rural women's awareness of the condom usage. After the Moscow Armistice, Finland started to return the surviving POWs to the Soviet Union, and most of the Finnish mothers that had children with POWs were left as single parents. Some of the mothers married Finnish men afterwards.[18][19][23]

Especially the relationships with ethnic Russian POWs were highly disapproved in the Finnish society, much more than the relationships with German soldiers and with other POWs from other ethnic groups, such as Finno-Ugric POWs. A strong background factor for this hatred was the long-lasting anti-Russian sentiment in Finland (ryssäviha in Finnish). Some women's heads were shaved for allegedly having relationships with POWs. Pejorative terms such as ryssän heila (ryssä's girlfriend, the word ryssä being a common Finnish slur for a Russian) and ryssän huora (ryssä's whore) were widely used. Also the children fathered by POWs faced discrimination in their youth, such as bullying in school.[18][19]

Swedish volunteers

Overall there were about 11,000 Swedish volunteers who fought for Finland at some point during the wartime. During the Winter War, Swedish volunteers numbered 9,640 and during the Continuation war, there were over 1,600 Swedish volunteers, of which about a third had previously participated in the Winter War. About 100 children were born to Finnish women and Swedish volunteers. Often these women moved to Sweden with their children.

Post-war children

Fathered by Allied Forces in Germany

German historians in a book "Bankerte!" ("Bastards, the children of occupation in Germany after 1945") [24] found that at least 400,000 children were fathered by occupying soldiers, with at least 300,000 of those children fathered by Soviet fathers. The researchers concluded that at least two million rapes were committed by Soviet Red Army soldiers.[25]

The Allied forces occupied Germany for several years after World War II. The book GIs and Fräuleins, by Maria Hohn, documents 66,000 children as born with fathers who were soldiers of Allied forces in the period 1945–55:

American

According to Perry Biddiscombe,[26] more than 37,000 illegitimate children were sired by American fathers in the 10 years following the German surrender. Locals generally disapproved of any relations between the occupation forces and German and Austrian women. Not only were the Americans the recent enemy, but the residents feared the American fathers would abandon the mothers and children to be cared for by the local communities, which were severely impoverished after the war. A majority of the 37,000 illegitimate children ended up as wards of the social services for at least some time. Many of the children remained wards of the state for a long time, especially children of African-American fathers. The mixed-race children, called "brown children", were seldom adopted in what was then a more homogeneous country. Arrangements were made for some such children to be adopted by African-American couples or families in the United States.

The food situation in occupied Germany was initially very dire. By the spring of 1946, the official ration in the US zone was no more than 1275 calories per day (much less than the minimum required to maintain health), with some areas probably receiving as little as 700. Some US soldiers exploited this desperate situation to their advantage, using their ample supply of food and cigarettes (the currency of the black market) as what became known as "frau bait".[27] Each side viewed the other as the enemy, but exchanged food for sex anyway.[26] The often destitute mothers of the resulting children usually received no alimony.

Between 1950 and 1955, the Allied High Commission for Germany prohibited "proceedings to establish paternity or liability for maintenance of children."[28] Even after the lifting of the ban, West German courts had little power to gain child support from American soldiers.

The children of black American soldiers, commonly called Negermischlinge ("Negro half-breeds"), were particularly disadvantaged. Even in the cases where the soldier wanted to marry the mother of his child, he was prevented by the US Army. It prohibited interracial marriages until 1948, when the Army was integrated by Executive Order of President Harry Truman.[28]

In the earliest stages of the occupation, US soldiers were not allowed to pay maintenance for children they admitted having fathered. The military prohibited this as "aiding the enemy". Marriages between white US soldiers and Austrian women were prohibited until January 1946, and with German women until December 1946.[26]

The official US policy on war children was summed up in the Stars and Stripes on 8 April 1946, in the article "Pregnant Frauleins Are Warned!":

"Girls who are expecting a child fathered by an American soldier will be provided with no assistance by the American Army... If the soldier denies paternity, no further action will be undertaken other than to merely inform the woman of this fact. She is to be advised to seek help from a German or Austrian welfare organization. If the soldier is already in the United States, his address is not to be communicated to the woman in question, the soldier may be honorably discharged from the army and his demobilization will in no way be delayed. Claims for child support from unmarried German and Austrian mothers will not be recognized. If the soldier voluntarily acknowledges paternity, he is to provide for the woman in an appropriate manner.[26]

British

British troops also occupied a portion of what later was organized as West Germany. Fraternisation between soldiers and local German women was discouraged by British authorities because of the status of Germans as the enemy during the war. The British government did not allow its citizens to marry German nationals until the 1960s. In recent times, especially since the later years of the Cold War, such marriages have become more common.[29]

Notable children of British servicemen and German mothers include Lewis Holtby, Kevin Kerr, Maik Taylor and David McAllister.

Canadian

Canada declared war on Germany in 1939, following Britain's war declaration the week before. During the war Canadian forces participated in the Allied invasions of both Italy and Normandy. Before the invasion of continental Europe, a significant number of Canadian forces were stationed in Britain.

An estimated 22,000 children were born to British mothers and Canadian soldiers stationed in Britain. In continental Europe, it has been estimated that 6,000 were born to Canadian fathers in the Netherlands, with smaller numbers born in Belgium and other places where Canadian forces were stationed during and after the war.[30]

A famous example is Eric Clapton.

In the following countries

Netherlands

On liberation, many Dutch women welcomed the Allied troops and had relationships that resulted in babies; these were called 'Liberation babies'.[31] It is estimated that about 4,000 "liberation babies" were fathered by Canadian soldiers before they left the area in early 1946.

Austria

In Austria, war children („Russenkind“) by known Russian fathers of the occupation were discriminated against, as were their mothers.

The Austrians also resented women who had relations with American soldiers, calling them 'Yanks' chicks' (»Amischickse«) or 'Dollar sluts' (»Dollarflitscherl«) and, in the case of those who had relations with black soldiers, 'chocolate girl' (»Schokoladenmädchen«).[32] In April 1946, the Stars and Stripes newspaper warned "pregnant Fräuleins" that military authorities would provide no assistance to them or their children if the fathers were US soldiers. The paper said that a ""Strength Through Joy" girl who ate from the forbidden fruit should accept the consequences," referring to a Nazi slogan.[32]

In coordination with American groups, an Austrian welfare program was started after the war to send the mixed-race children of Austrian/African-American parents to the United States for adoption by African-American families. The children by then ranged in age from 4 to 7 years.[32]

Amerasians

Main article: Amerasian

Probably more than 100,000 children have been born to Asian mothers and U.S. servicemen in Asia. This occurred chiefly during World War II, the Korean War, and the Vietnam War. Children fathered by US servicemen were also born to mothers living near the several U.S. military bases in the region since World War II. These children are known as Amerasians, a term coined by the author Pearl S. Buck.

Numerous European-Asian children were also born during the colonial years of the British, French and Dutch administrations in India and Southeast Asia.

Cases of rape

Numerous war children were born as the result of their mothers being raped by enemy forces during World War II. Rape of conquered women has been practiced in numerous other conflicts, including in Africa, especially during the longstanding wars in the Congo and Sudan, for instance.

Former Yugoslavia

In the 1990s organizations were formed to classify such violence against women as among the prosecutable war crimes in former Yugoslavia. Some Muslim women in Bosnia who were raped in Serbian camps were aided by humanitarian organizations.[33]

Situation of mothers, war children and fathers

Prevention

The recognition in 1989 that violence against women in the form of rape was a deliberate military strategy and human rights abuse led to the approval of an international Convention on the Rights of the Child. Since 2008, the United Nations Security Council bans sexual violations, defining them as a war crime. The German weekly Die Zeit described this action as an historical milestone.[34]

Integration

One author suggested that adoption and assimilation of a child into a new family might be a solution to prevent war children from growing up as unwanted and mobbed by people in a hostile environment.[35] The scale of the number of births of such children suggest this is impractical.

War children's ignorance of origins

Often the war children never understood the reason for being isolated. They did not learn their father's identities until late in life or by chance:

In most cases, when war children tried to learn identities of their biological fathers years later, the searches were usually difficult and often in vain.

Fathers unknown

Occupation forces after WWII strictly interdicted fraternization by military personnel with people of the occupied territories. Couples who became involved tried to hide their relation because of these interdictions and the resentment and disapproval by the occupied population. Fathers of war children were generally excepted from civil actions by mothers to claim alimony or child support.

Communication with the mothers of war children often ceased when the soldiers suddenly were reassigned, often without time to say good bye. Some of the soldiers were killed in action. In the post-war period, soldier fathers were prevented by conditions from returning to their former girl friends and war children even if they wanted to. Others had surviving wives and families to return to at home, and denied having war children. In some cases, they never knew they had sired children when serving abroad.[37]

Mothers traumatized

At the end of war, mothers with war children were prosecuted as criminals and punished in humiliating ways for their relations with the enemy. They were isolated socially and economically. Many of them could only rehabilitate and become respected by marrying a fellow countryman. Long-term persecution of a former girlfriend of a German soldier is documented in a book by ANEG; she says that she was traumatized for the rest of her life.[36]:35–52

Some of the mothers gave their war child to a home of public welfare. Others tried to care for the child with their new partner and their common children (step family). Some of the mothers died during the war.

Children in search for their fathers

A network of European war children, "Born of War — international network," was founded in October 2005. They meet every year in Berlin to assist each other, make decisions about searching for parents, and find out new positions.[38]

Searches by war children of World War II

Changing opinions

Since the late 20th century, as they reach retirement age, many war children from World War II have begun to search for their full identity and their roots. The legal children of a German father may also be interested in contacting the previously unknown war child of their father, if they know one or more exists. Public opinion has become more compassionate toward the past generation of war children. Few of the biological fathers are still alive. Subject to bullying and humiliation, many of the mothers never told their children about their foreign fathers.[39]

Norway

The government has advised that persons trying to do research should gather the complete birth documents, including the birth certificate (not only parts of it). The Norwegian archive at Victoria Terrasse in Oslo burned down in the 1950s, and many of these important documents were lost. The Norwegian Red Cross has some records. It is often easier to trace the Norwegian mother first by Church records.

Belgium

The government and researches recommend that persons search for documentary evidence from Nationalsozialistische Volkswohlfahrt, Auslandsorganisation – Amt für Volkswohlfahrt und Winterhilfswerk (1941–1944) about alimony payments. Old photographs with greetings on the back or private letters may provide clues to a father's identity.[40]

France

Since 2005 the society, Amicale Nationale des Enfants de la Guerre (ANEG), has worked in both France and Germany to help descendants of parents of mixed nationalities, whether a German father in France or French father in occupied Germany.[41] Cœurs Sans Frontières/Herzen ohne Grenzen (Hearts without Frontiers) is another French organization supporting the search for family members of French children whose fathers were German soldiers during the occupation.[42]

Germany

Mixed children of white German women and Black WWI soldiers were called "Rhineland Bastards." This phrase, along with many other racial epithets, reinforced the ideology that Black men were/are beasts and don't care for their children. The "Brown Babies" became an international concern, with Black American Press publicizing and advertising for adoptions. There was an emphasis in Germany and the U.S. on skin color (note: Brown Babies rather than orphan). This is because skin color excludes children from German nation identity, and it allows them to belong to U.S. This creed lived in both nations, as Brown Babies who were adopted in the U.S. were forbidden from speaking German. This was among the efforts to erase an entire generation of Afro-Germans. [43]

Since 2009 the German government has granted German citizenship on application when documented by war children born in France to French mothers, by German soldier fathers in WWII.[44][45]

Search in German Archives

Several central files are part of the German archives:

Post-war children

Post-war war children often search in vain: their knowledge of their father's personal data may be vague, some archives are closed, and data has been lost.[28]

Search for US fathers

War children by American soldiers may gain assistance in their search by the organization GITrace.[49][50] Since 2009 the German-based association, GI Babies Germany e.V., also assists in the search for the roots of children of German mothers and GIs in the occupation.[51]

Search for Canadian fathers

Organization Canadian Roots UK helps war children in Great Britain to trace a Canadian father. Vice versa it helps Canadian veteran fathers to trace a child born in the UK during or shortly after WWII.[52]

Psychological assistance

Psychological assistance and help to find lost family members by publishing on the Internet is granted by the German association, "kriegskind.de e. V."[53]

See also

Sources

Second World War

American war children

Canadian war children

War children in Belgium

War children in France

War children in Norway

Representation in film

References

  1. ↑ Drolshagen, Ebba D (2005), Wehrmachtskinder. Auf der Suche nach dem nie gekannten Vater [Children of German soldiers. Searching for the unknown father] (in German), München: Droemer, p. 9
  2. ↑ Kriegskinder in Europa [War children in Europe], DE: BPB
  3. 1 2 3 Hagerfors, Anna-Maria (2004-07-10), "Tyskerunger" tvingades bli sexslavar (in Swedish), SE: Dagens Nyheter.
  4. ↑ Krigsbarn (in German), DE: Willy Brandt Stiftung.
  5. ↑ Landro, Jan H. (25 April 2002). "Ville sende alle "tyskerunger" ut av landet" (in Norwegian). Bergens Tidende. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 3 March 2007.
  6. ↑ Norge ville landsförvisa 9 000 barn, SE: Expreßen.
  7. ↑ "War babies died in LSD experiments", Aftenposten, September 4, 2000.
  8. ↑ Norwegian government Commission also concluded that they were unable to find any other evidence in local, national and international archives which could support the allegation.
  9. 1 2 [Final report by Commission] (PDF) (in Norwegian), December 17, 2003, archived from the original (PDF) on June 22, 2004
  10. ↑ Rosenberg, Steve (March 8, 2007), "Norway sued by children of Nazis", News (UK: BBC).
  11. ↑ Simonsen, Eva (2006), Into the open – or hidden away? The construction of war children as a social category in post-war Norway and Germany (PDF) 2, NordEuropaforum, pp. 25–49.
  12. ↑ Warring, Anette (1998) [1994], Tyskerpiger – under besættelse og retsopgør [German Girls during Occupation and Post War Purge] (summary) (in Danish), København, DK: Gyldendal, Krigsboern, ISBN 87-00-18184-6.
  13. ↑ Schofield, Hugh (June 1, 2004), "Book gives 'Boche babies' a voice" (article), News (UK: BBC)
  14. ↑ (fr) Number of war children in Second World War in France from German soldiers and their French girl friends, Le Figaro, 30 November 2009
  15. ↑ Armin Hass: "Forschen und versöhnen. Geschichten über Kriegskinder und den verlorenen Großonkel Joseph", Arolser Zeitung, October 13, 2011. (de) (Number of French war children).
  16. ↑ (fr) Amicale Nationale des Enfants de la Guerre (Hrsg.): Des fleurs sur les cailloux. (Flowers on the pebbles), Editions Laurent Guillet, 2010, p. 6.
  17. ↑ German soldiers 'fathered 50,000 Dutch children' (article), Expatica, May 28, 2004.
  18. 1 2 3 4 The Children of German Soldiers
  19. 1 2 3 4 ”Ryssän heilat ja pikku-Iivanat” (Finnish)
  20. ↑ Saksalaissotilaiden lapset uskaltavat vihdoin astua esiin (Finnish) SVT.se
  21. ↑ Uutuuskirja: Saksalaisten sotilaiden mukaan lähteneillä naisilla karujakin kohtaloita (Finnish) Iltalehti.fi
  22. ↑ Matka isän luo (Finnish) Yle.fi
  23. ↑ The Children of Foreign Soldiers in Finland, Norway, Denmark, Austria, Poland and Occupied Soviet Karelia
  24. ↑ "Bankerte!" Besatzungskinder in Deutschland nach 1945
  25. ↑ Germany Troops fathered 400,000 children in post-war Germany
  26. 1 2 3 4 Biddiscombe, Perry (2001), "Dangerous Liaisons: The Anti-Fraternization Movement In The U.S. Occupation Zones Of Germany And Austria, 1945–1948", Journal of Social History 34 (3): 611–47, doi:10.1353/jsh.2001.0002.
  27. ↑ The New York Times, 25 June 1945 Missing or empty |title= (help)
  28. 1 2 3 Wiltenburg, Mary; Widmann, Marc (2007-01-02) [2006], "Children of the Enemy", Der Spiegel (DE) (52).
  29. ↑ "The 'British' Germans the war left behind". BBC. 16 November 2011.
  30. ↑ "Where's Daddy" (article), Vancouver Courier, August 5, 2004.
  31. ↑ Welcome the heroes, Radio Netherlands.
  32. 1 2 3 Wahl, Niko (December 23, 2010), "Heim ins Land der Väter" [Home to fathers' country], Zeit (in German) (DE).
  33. ↑ Alexandra Stiglmayer (Hg.), Massenvergewaltigung. Krieg gegen die Frauen, Frankfurt a. M. (Fischer) 1993, p. 154-174; ISBN 3-596-12175-2.
  34. ↑ "Eine historische Tat", Die Zeit (in German) (DE), 2008.
  35. ↑ Die akzeptierte‚ illegitime‘ Rosette (in German), FR: DNA, 2008-08-24.
  36. 1 2 Amicale Nationale des Enfants de la Guerre (Hrsg.), ed. (2010), Des fleurs sur les cailloux. Les enfants de la Guerre se racontent (in French), Limerzel: Editions Laurent Guillet, ISBN 978-2-918588-01-6.
  37. ↑ (de) Thorsten Knuf: "Kinder des Krieges", Berliner Zeitung, 5 May 2010, p. 3
  38. ↑ Born of War – international network, EU.
  39. ↑ Thorsten Knuf (5 May 2010), "Kinder des Krieges", Berliner Zeitung (in German) (Berlin, DE), S.3
  40. ↑ Typical documents to begin the search (in Dutch), BE: Archief Democratie.
  41. ↑ ANEG [French society of war children] (in French), FR.
  42. ↑ Cœurs Sans Frontières/Herzen ohne Grenzen [Hearts without borders] (in French), FR.
  43. ↑ Hügel-Marshall, Ika. "Invisible Woman: Growing Up Black in Germany." (2008). Print.
  44. ↑ Französische Wehrmachtskinder begrüßen Doppelnationalität (in German), AFP.
  45. ↑ Heute-journal (in German), ZDF, August 5, 2009: report of granting German nationality to French children, descendants from German soldiers who were stationed in World War II in France.
  46. ↑ Military Archives (in German), Freiburg im Breisgau: German Federal Archives
  47. ↑ Nazi membership (in German), Berlin-Lichterfelde: German Federal Archives.
  48. ↑ (de) Online search for individual German war graves, Volksbund Deutsche Kriegsgräberfürsorge
  49. ↑ "gitrace"..
  50. ↑ Besatzungsvaeter (in German), DE
  51. ↑ (de/en) GI Babies Germany e.V.
  52. ↑ Canadian Roots, UK: Internet site assisting war Children from Canadian fathers in Great Britain during and after World War II in their search.
  53. ↑ Kriegskind (in German)
  54. 1 2 German Wikipedia.

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