Ward Connerly

Ward Connerly
Born Wardell Anthony Connerly
1939 (age 76–77)
Nationality American
Other names Ward Connerly
Alma mater California State University, Sacramento
Known for California's Proposition 209
Michigan Civil Rights Initiative
Political party Republican
Board member of University of California

Wardell Anthony "Ward" Connerly (born 1939) is an American political activist, businessman, and former University of California Regent (1993–2005). He is also the founder and the chairman of the American Civil Rights Institute, a national non-profit organization in opposition to racial and gender preferences.[1] He is considered to be the man behind California's Proposition 209 prohibiting race- and gender-based preferences in state hiring, contracting and state university admissions, a program formerly known as affirmative action.[2]

Early life

Wardell Anthony Connerly was born in Leesville, Louisiana in 1939. Connerly has said that he is one-fourth black and half-white, with the rest a mix of Irish, French, and Choctaw American Indian. He identifies as multiracial.[3] He grew up in an African-American community,[4] but the children met some discrimination in school because of their light skin.[5] In a Louisiana state census, the family were classified as "colored", a category that historically covered the Louisiana Creole people (other categories were negro and white).[5] His father, Roy Connerly, left the household when Ward was 2, and his mother died when he was 4. The young Connerly lived first with Bertha and James Louis, his maternal aunt and uncle. They moved to Bremerton, Washington and then to Sacramento, California, as part of the Great Migration by millions of blacks out of the South in the first half of the 20th century to seek better opportunities. Connerly next lived with his maternal grandmother, Mary Smith Soneia, who had also moved to Sacramento. (She was the daughter of a Choctaw man and white woman, and she had married a Cajun of mixed heritage.) When she had difficulty supporting the two of them, Ward took many jobs as a boy.[5]

Connerly attended Sacramento State College, where he earned a Bachelor of Arts with honors in political science in 1962. While in college, Connerly was student body president, was active as a Young Democrat, and joined Delta Phi Omega, a white fraternity.[5] Later he was made an honorary member of Sigma Phi Epsilon fraternity. During his college years, Connerly campaigned against housing discrimination and helped to get a bill passed by the state legislature banning the practice.

Marriage and family

Connerly is married to Ilene Connerly, a woman of European-American descent, whom he started dating in college. They have two children. She is his equal partner in the firm of Connerly & Associates.[6]

In addition to his political activities, Connerly is a member of the Rotary Club of Sacramento, California.[7]

Career

After college, Connerly worked for a number of state agencies and Assembly committees, where he developed a broad range of contacts. He worked for the Sacramento re-development agency, the state department of housing and urban development, and the State Assembly committee on urban affairs. During the late 1960s, Connerly became friends with then-legislator Pete Wilson (who would become governor in 1991).

Encouraged by Wilson, Connerly left his government job in 1973. He started his own consulting and land-use planning company, known as Connerly and Associates, Inc., and together with his wife as partner, made a strong success of it.

In 1993 he was appointed to the University of California Board of Regents, where he served until March 2005. During this time, he became deeply involved in working to repeal state affirmative action programs.

Campaign against racial preferences

After his appointment to the University of California board of regents in 1993, Connerly began to learn more about the workings of its affirmative action program. In 1994, he heard from Jerry and Ellan Cook, whose son had been rejected at the University of California, San Francisco (UC) Medical School. Connerly became convinced that affirmative action, as practiced by the UC, was another kind of racial discrimination. Cook, a statistician, had presented data showing that white and Asian students were being denied admission despite having better grades and test scores than other students who were being admitted. Connerly proposed abolishing the controversial racially based programs, while allowing the university to consider social or economic factors. The regents passed the proposal in January 1996 despite protests from activist Jesse Jackson and other supporters of affirmative action. The year after affirmative action was abolished, the number of Asian students admitted to UC increased markedly.[8]

The UC regents developed a new system, including essay requirements that served to reveal the applicant's race and ethnicity.[9] The new measures, titled "comprehensive review" have not yet been challenged to the California Supreme Court or the Supreme Court of the United States.

In 1995, Connerly became the chairman of the California Civil Rights Initiative Campaign[1] and helped get the initiative on the California ballot as Proposition 209. The Carnegie, Ford, and Rockefeller Foundations, the ACLU, and the California Teachers Association opposed the measure. It passed with 54.6% of the vote.[2]

In 1997, Connerly formed the American Civil Rights Institute. ACRI supported a similar ballot measure in Washington state, Initiative 200, which would later pass with 58.2% of the vote.[10]

ACRI worked to get a measure on the ballot in the 2000 Florida election. The Florida Supreme Court put restrictions on the petition language. Through a program called "One Florida," Governor Jeb Bush later implemented key portions of Connerly's proposal. He helped to keep it off the ballot by achieving some of its key goals through legislation.

In 2003, Connerly helped place Proposition 54 on the California ballot, which would prohibit the government from classifying any person by race, ethnicity, color, or national origin, with some exceptions, such as for medical research. Critics were concerned that such a measure would make it difficult to track housing discrimination and racial profiling activities. Editorials in newspapers such as the San Francisco Chronicle and Los Angeles Times criticized the measure, saying that the lack of such information would hamper legitimate medical and scientific purposes.[11] The voters did not pass the measure.

In 2003 the Supreme Court ruled on affirmative action programs at the University of Michigan in Gratz v. Bollinger and Grutter v. Bollinger; it ruled the undergraduate affirmative action program was unconstitutional for the way it applied the program, but that the process at the University of Michigan law school could continue. Jennifer Gratz invited Connerly to Michigan to support a referendum measure similar to the 1996 California amendment. The Michigan Civil Rights Initiative appeared on the November 2006 Michigan ballot and was passed 58% to 42%.[12]

For the 2008 elections, Connerly headed a campaign which he called "Super Tuesday for Equal Rights". It was directed at dismantling affirmative action programs in five different states via ballot measures. In three of the states, Connerly's initiatives failed to make it onto the ballot. In Colorado, voters rejected Amendment 46 (or the Colorado Civil Rights Initiative) by a very slim margin. Voters in Nebraska were the only ones to approve a new anti-affirmative action measure, called Initiative 424.[13]

Political views

Party identification

Ward Connerly identifies as a Republican with a libertarian philosophy.[4] In January 2008, Connerly endorsed Republican Presidential candidate Rudy Giuliani.[14]

Support for domestic partnership benefits

Despite his close political relationship with former California Governor Pete Wilson, and their agreement on the question of affirmative action, Connerly led efforts to grant domestic partner benefits to gay and lesbian domestic partners in all state universities over Wilson's objections. The UC Regents narrowly passed the initiative.[15]

Connerly says his views on gay rights stem from his libertarian viewpoint that governments, including government-run universities, should not discriminate, whether it is by favoring some students because of their race, or by excluding others from spousal benefits based on their sexual orientation.[4]

The conservative advocacy groups Family Research Council and Traditional Values Coalition criticized Connerly's support for domestic partner benefits.[16] In reference to Connerly, Robert H. Knight, Director of Cultural Studies at the Family Research Council], said, "no true conservative would equate homosexual households with marriages, because we believe that without marriage and family as paramount values, hell will break loose."[17]

Support of same-sex marriage

In response to Proposition 8 on California's November 2008 ballot that would ban same-sex marriage in California, Connerly stated, "For anyone to say that this is an issue for people who are gay and that this isn't about civil rights is sadly mistaken. If you really believe in freedom and limited government, to be intellectually consistent and honest you have to oppose efforts of the majority to impose their will on people."[18]

Support of multi-racial category on government forms

On July 9, 1997, the American Civil Rights Institute expressed disappointment with the federal government's decision to reject the addition of a multi-racial category on the Census and other government forms that collect racial data.[19] Since 2000, the Census Bureau allows individuals to identify more than one racial/ethnic category on the census form, although it does not yet have a multiracial category.[20]

Connerly began to ally with prominent members of what has become known as the multiracial movement. Prior to leading the Racial Privacy Initiative (Proposition 54) in California, Connerly forged ties with the publishers of Interracial Voice and The Multiracial Activist,[21] prominent publications for the multiracial movement. Eventually, Connerly enlisted the help of several outspoken members of the multiracial movement to assist with the campaign for the Racial Privacy Initiative.

Reception

Personal

In 1995, then California State Senator (and current congresswoman) Diane Watson said about Connerly, "He's married to a white woman. He wants to be white. He wants a colorless society. He has no ethnic pride. He doesn't want to be black."[22] Jeff Jacoby, a columnist for The Boston Globe, characterized this attack as part of the personal abuse conservative blacks received from liberal blacks who opposed their programs.[23]

After Connerly published his autobiography, Creating Equal: My Fight Against Race Preferences in 2000, some relatives claimed his accounts of an impoverished childhood were exaggerated or false.[24] Connerly's aunt Bertha Louis, whom he had lived with and who was close to his grandmother, confirmed his account and said his detractors "are just lyin' on him. It's jealousy and it's hatred, as low as you can get."[25]

Affirmative action and desegregation

Asked in 2003 if Proposition 54 could derail school integration efforts in California, Connerly said: "I don't care whether they are segregated or not… kids need to be learning, and I place more value on these kids getting educated than I do on whether we have some racial balancing or not."[26]

Connerly's opposition to affirmative action has generated both opposition and support.[27] Connerly believes affirmative action is a form of racism and that people can achieve success without preferential treatment in college enrollment or in employment. He thinks that selective affirmative action discriminates against minorities such as Asian Indians and South East Asians, as some of their people have experienced discrimination in the past, but they do not receive the benefits of race-based admissions. Critics contend Connerly fails to recognize the damaging extent of past racism for African Americans and Hispanics, that contemporary institutionalized racism is pervasive and powerful, and that affirmative action can overcome the residual effects of past discrimination on people of color.[28]

The Bay Area and Detroit-based pro-affirmative action group By Any Means Necessary (BAMN) said that as CEO of Connerly & Associates, Inc., Connerly benefited financially from state affirmative action programs in contracting.[29] The San Francisco Chronicle reported the same facts.[30]

BAMN opposed Connerly's efforts to put the Michigan Civil Rights Initiative on the 2006 Michigan Ballot, and disrupted a Michigan Board of Canvassers meeting that year in protest.[31]

In relation to Attacking Affirmative Action, a program on Now on PBS in August 2008, Connerly said,

I think that in some quarters, many parts of the country, a white male is really disadvantaged… Because we have developed this notion of women and minorities being so disadvantaged and we have to help them, that we have, in many cases, twisted the thing so that it's no longer a case of equal opportunity. It's a case of putting a fist on the scale.[3]

Legacy and honors

References

  1. 1 2 "About the American Civil Rights Institute". American Civil Rights Institute. Retrieved 2009-04-28.
  2. 1 2 "1996 General Election Returns for Proposition 209 — CCRI". California Secretary of State website. State of California. December 18, 1996. Retrieved 2009-04-28.
  3. 1 2 "Attacking Affirmative Action". NOW on PBS (PBS). August 29, 2008. Retrieved 2009-04-28.
  4. 1 2 3 Wilayto, Phil (2000-09-07). "Ward Connerly & the American Civil Rights Institute". MediaTransparency. Retrieved 2009-04-28.
  5. 1 2 3 4 Jessie Carney Smith, Millicent Lownes Jackson, Linda T. Wynn, "Ward Connerly", Encyclopedia of African American Business: A-J, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2006, p. 200, accessed 22 February 2011
  6. ↑ Bearak, Barry (July 27, 1997). "Questions of Race Run Deep for Foe of Preferences". The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-04-28.
  7. 1 2 "Ward Connerly Bio". American Civil Rights Institute. Retrieved 2009-04-28.
  8. ↑ Camara, Wayne J. (Spring–Summer 2000). "Pursuing Campus Diversity After Affirmative Action". Diversity Digest. Retrieved 2009-04-28.
  9. ↑ Irving, Carl (Spring 1998). "'There's No Valid Surrogate for Race'". National Crosstalk (National Center for Public Policy and Higher Education). Retrieved 2009-04-28.
  10. ↑ "Elections Search: Results: November 1998 General". Washington Secretary of State. State of Washington. Retrieved 2009-04-28.
  11. ↑ Beal, Frances M. (August 19, 2003). "California Ballot Initiative Promotes Racist Agenda". Znet. Z Communications. Retrieved 2009-04-28.
  12. ↑ "State Proposal 2006-2: Constitutional Amendment: Ban Affirmative Action Programs". Department of State website. State of Michigan. May 10, 2007. Retrieved 2009-04-28.
  13. ↑ Zeveloff, Naomi (November 7, 2008). "After Colorado loss, Ward Connerly may pull the plug on affirmative-action bans". The Colorado Independent. Retrieved 2008-11-26.
  14. ↑ Hill, John (2008-01-10). "Connerly endorses Giuliani". The Sacramento Bee. Retrieved 2009-04-28.
  15. ↑ Herek, Gregory M. "Background: How the University of California Enacted Domestic Partner Benefits". Sexual Orientation: Science, Education, and Policy website.
  16. ↑ Freedberg, Louis (1997-12-31). "An Unlikely Champion of Gay Rights". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2009-04-28.
  17. ↑ MacDonald, Heather (2004-01-26). "The Diversity Taboo". The Perils of Reversity blog. Archived from the original on December 19, 2008.
  18. ↑ Sullivan, Andrew (July 3, 2008). "Connerly on Proposition 8". The Daily Dish. The Atlantic Monthly. Retrieved 2009-04-28.
  19. ↑ "News Release: ACRI Criticizes Federal Government's Rejection of a multiracial Census Box". American Civil Rights Institute. July 9, 1997. Archived from the original on 1998-04-25.
  20. ↑ David L. Brunsma, "Public Categories, Private Identities: Exploring Regional Differences in the Biracial Experience", Social Science Research, Vol. 35, No. 3, Sept 2006, pp. 555-576, accessed 22 February 2011
  21. ↑ "Message from Ward Connerly". The Multiracial Activist. April 4, 2002. Retrieved 2009-04-28.
  22. ↑ Elder, Larry (August 6, 2009). "10 'Teachable' Race Summits in Search of a Beer". RealClearPolitics. Retrieved 2013-03-08.
  23. ↑ Jacoby, Jeff (December 31, 1996). "Another year of hate speech from the left". The Boston Globe. Retrieved 2009-04-28.
  24. ↑ McWhorter, John (September 13, 2002). "Racial Profiling". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2009-04-28.
  25. ↑ Pooley, Eric (June 23, 1997). "Fairness or Folly?". TIME. Retrieved 2009-04-28.
  26. ↑ "Editorial: Initiative could hurt integration efforts". San Francisco Chronicle. September 2, 2003. Retrieved 2009-04-28.
  27. ↑ Perry, Tony (June 25, 1998). "Connerly to Lead GOP Fund-Raising". The Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on January 11, 2012. Retrieved 2009-04-28.
  28. ↑ Vincent, Norah (March 28, 2000). "The New Math on Race". The Village Voice. Retrieved 2009-04-28.
  29. ↑ "Who is Ward Connerly?". BAMN website. Retrieved 2009-04-28.
  30. ↑ Solis, Suzanne Espinosa (May 8, 1995). "Affirmative Action Critic Used His Minority Status". The San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2009-04-28.
  31. ↑ Lefebvre, Ben (January 11, 2006). "Wham BAMN". Detroit Metro Times. Retrieved 2009-04-28.

Further reading

External links

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