Washington Heights (Tokyo)

Washington Heights, 1947

Washington Heights was a United States Armed Forces housing complex located in Shibuya, Tokyo during the occupation of Japan by Allied forces. Constructed in 1946, it remained in operation until 1964, by which point all land had been returned to Japanese control. Today, the site encompasses Yoyogi Park, Yoyogi National Gymnasium, the NHK Broadcasting Center, and other facilities.

Military period

Covering an area of 924,000 square meters, Washington Heights was home to 827 housing units for United States Army Air Force and, later, Air Force families. It also hosted support facilities, including schools, churches, theaters, shops, and officers' clubs. Japanese citizens were not permitted to enter the area, which was fenced in with multiple gates.^[1] Washington Heights was predominantly a middle-class area,^[2] although much of Tokyo had been devastated by firebombing during the war.

Before the surrender of Japan, the area was used as a parade ground by the Imperial Japanese Army.^[1] The U.S. military ordered the construction of the Washington Heights complex by the Japanese government,^[3] and maintained control of it after the signing of the Treaty of San Francisco. Although the treaty returned Japanese sovereignty in late April 1952, military forces would remain, including those housed at Washington Heights. This resulted in protests from Japanese university students in early May, but expected attacks on the housing complex never materialized.^[4]

The Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan, signed in 1960, determined that Washington Heights would remain in operation. The following year, though, the land was deemed necessary for construction of facilities connected with the 1964 Summer Olympics. The transfer was completed in 1964, with the Japanese government bearing the full amount of relocation expenses for U.S. military families moving to Chofu Airport.^[5]

Olympics and later years

Surviving military housing in Yoyogi Park, 2011

A number of the former military barracks were used as athlete housing during the Games.^[6] Other athletes were housed in a newly constructed facility that later became the National Olympics Memorial Youth Center. After the Olympics, nearly all the military housing was razed, with one house, that used by the Dutch Olympic team, remaining in Yoyogi Park.

Noted individuals

• Johnny Kitagawa, created Japan's first boy band from youths he found playing in Washington Heights in 1962
• Norma Field, attended school in Washington Heights as a child
• Lois Lowry, acclaimed American writer, author of The Giver where she received her inspiration for the book from childhood memories of sneaking out of the base and exploring the neighboring Shibuya district.

Further reading

• Washington Heights, Dependents Housing Area by Satoko Akio. Japanese title: ワシントンハイツ ＧＨＱが東京に刻んだ戦後. ISBN 978-4-10-135986-1.
• Hand, O.A.. "Ex-GIs Returning To Tokyo Won't Find The Same City They Once Knew." Chicago Tribune, February 28, 1988.
• Washington Heights Housing Complex, photos and personal recollections.
• What Became of Wash Heights?, memories, maps, and photos.

References

1. History of Yoyogi Stadium. Yoyogi National Stadium (National Agency for the Advancement of Sports and Health). Japanese. Accessed 15 September 2015.
2. Post World War II Asia: Reinventing Japan, Redividing Korea. "Pacific Century: The Emergence of Modern Pacific Asia." Accessed 15 September 2015.
3. Research on the Study of City Community Life in a New Generation. Hi-Life Public Research Institute, 2011. Japanese. Accessed 15 September 2015.
4. 1952 Battalion Time Line, 720th Military Police Battalion Reunion Association History Project. Accessed 15 September 2015.
5. Defense Facilities Administration Agency, Bulletin No. 2, 13 January 1965.
6. Odeven, Ed. A look back at when Tokyo was awarded 1964 Olympics, Japan Times, 2013. Accessed 15 September 2015.