Weapons of the Lebanese Civil War

The Lebanese Civil War was a multi-sided military conflict that pitted a variety of local irregular militias, both Muslim and Christian, against each other between 1975 and 1990. A wide variety of weapons were used by the different armies and factions operating in the Lebanese Civil War. Combatants included:

• the leftist-Muslim militias of the Lebanese National Movement (LNM) (1975 – 1982);
• the rightist-Christian militias of the Lebanese Front (1976 – 1980);
• the Christian Lebanese Forces militia (LF), successor of the Lebanese Front (1977-1993);
• the Shia Muslim Amal Movement militia (1975 – present);
• the Shia Muslim Hezbollah guerrilla group (1985 – present);
• the Druze Progressive Socialist Party´s People’s Liberation Army (Druze PLA) militia (1975 – 1991);
• the South Lebanon Army (SLA) (1978 – 2000);
• the official Lebanese Armed Forces (LAF) and the Internal Security Forces (ISF), led by the Lebanese government;
• the mainstream Palestinian guerrilla factions of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) and the breakaway Rejectionist Front (present in Lebanon from 1968 to 1983);
• the Palestinian Liberation Army (present in Lebanon from 1976 to 1982);
• the Syrian Army (present in Lebanon from 1976 to 2005);
• the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) (present in Lebanon from 1978 to 2000);
• in between, a plethora of irregular Lebanese armed groups that emerged from the wrecks of both the LNM and the Lebanese Front alliances, after their collapse in the early 1980s.

Weapons and equipment

The list below comprises all the weapons and equipment employed by the LNM, Lebanese Front, LF, Hezbollah, Druze PLA, SLA, LAF, ISF, and lesser Lebanese groups. (note: the Syrian Army, PLO, Palestinian PLA and IDF are not included on this list)

Pistols and revolvers

• Smith & Wesson Model 13 revolver
• Mauser C96 "broomhandle" pistol
• Mauser HSc pistol
• Mauser M2 semi-automatic handgun
• Luger P08 pistol
• Walther P38 pistol
• Walther PPK pistol
• Heckler & Koch VP 70 pistol
• Heckler & Koch P7 pistol
• Heckler & Koch P9 pistol
• SIG P210 pistol
• SIG-Sauer P220 pistol
• SIG-Sauer P225 pistol
• Astra A-80 pistol
• Astra A-90 pistol
• Astra A-100 pistol
• Llama M82 pistol
• Star A, B, B Super, and P pistols
• Star 30M pistol
• Star Ultrastar pistol
• Star Firestar pistol
• Star Megastar pistol
• Taurus PT92, PT99, and PT100 pistols
• Beretta M951 pistol
• MAB PA-15 pistol
• Colt M1911A1 Semi-Automatic Pistol
• Para-Ordnance P14-45 (Canadian-produced version of the M1911A1 pistol)
• FN Browning M1910 pistol
• FN Browning M1922 pistol
• FN Browning Hi-Power pistol
• FN Browning BDM pistol
• FN Browning BDA380 pistol
• FN Browning HP-DA/BDA9 pistol
• Tokarev TT-33 pistol
• Makarov PM/PMM pistol
• CZ 52 pistol
• CZ 75 pistol
• CZ 82/83 pistol
• CZ 85 pistol

Submachine guns

• MP 40
• PPD-40
• PPSh-41
• M1A1 Thompson
• MAT-49
• Sten Mk V
• Sterling L2A3/Mark 4 submachine gun
• L34A1/Mk.5 (sound-suppressed version of the Sterling L2A3)^[1]
• Carl Gustav M/45 (or its Egyptian-produced version, dubbed the "Port Said")
• Škorpion vz. 61
• Spectre M4
• Walther MPL
• Beretta Model 12
• Socimi Type 821 (Italian-produced submachine gun similar in design to the Israeli Uzi)
• Uzi (MP-2, Mini Uzi, and Micro Uzi variants)
• MAC-10 Machine pistol
• MAC-11 Machine pistol (sub-compact version of the MAC-10)
• Heckler & Koch MP5
• Heckler & Koch MP5K (shortened version of the MP5)

Bolt action rifles

• Lee-Enfield
• US M1917
• Berthier 1907/15 M16 Lebel rifle
• Berthier 1892 M16 cavalry carbine
• MAS-36 rifle
• Mauser Model 1888 commission rifle
• Mauser Gewehr 98
• Mauser Karabiner 98k
• Mosin–Nagant

Semi-automatic rifles

• MAS-49 rifle
• M1 Garand^[2]
• SKS
• vz. 52 rifle
• M14 rifle
• Beretta BM 59 (Italian-produced semi-automatic rifle similar in design to the M14)

Carbines

• M2 carbine
• M4 carbine
• CAR-15 Assault carbine
• AMD 65
• FN CAL
• SIG SG 543 carbine

Assault rifles

• Sturmgewehr 44 assault rifle
• AK-47 assault rifle (Other variants included the AKM, Zastava M70, AK-63, AK-74, AK-103, Chinese Type 56, Romanian AIM, Iraqi Tabuk and former East German MPi assault rifles)
• vz. 58
• FN FAL
• M16A1
• M16A2
• ArmaLite AR-18
• Heckler & Koch G3
• Heckler & Koch HK33
• Heckler & Koch G41
• Heckler & Koch G53
• SIG SG 542 battle rifle

Sniper rifles

• Lee-Enfield
• FR F1
• Dragunov SVD-63^[3]
• M40 rifle
• Remington Model 700
• Savage 10FP/110FP
• PSL rifle
• Steyr SSG 69
• Enfield L42A1 (military version) and Enforcer (Police version) rifles
• Gepard anti-materiel rifle
• KSVK 12.7mm anti-materiel rifle
• PTRS-41 14.5mm anti-tank rifle (used for heavy sniping)

Shotguns

• Mossberg 500 12-gauge (20.2mm)
• Remington Model 870 Police Magnum 12-gauge (20.2mm)
• Franchi SPAS-12 semi-automatic

Light machine guns

• Chatellerault FM Mle 1924/29
• M1918A2 BAR
• Bren Mk. I .303 (7.7mm)
• RPK
• RPD
• DP-28
• Heckler & Koch HK21
• FN FAL 50-41 HB

General-purpose machine guns

• MG 34
• MG 42
• Rheinmetall MG 3
• PK/PKM
• Type 67
• FN MAG
• M60

Medium and Heavy machine guns

• Browning M1919A4 .30 Cal (mounted on armoured cars, tanks, and APCs)
• SG-43/SGM Goryunov
• Type 53/57 (Chinese variant of the SG-43 and SGM)
• DShK 12.7mm Heavy machine gun (Mainly mounted on Technicals)
• Type 54 (Chinese variant of the DShK)^[4]
• NSV 12.7mm Heavy machine gun (taken off from disabled tanks and re- mounted on Technicals)
• KPV 14.5mm Heavy machine gun (mounted on Technicals)
• Browning M2HB .50 Cal (mounted on Technicals, tanks, and APCs)

Grenade systems

• Mark 2 Fragmentation Hand/Rifle Grenade
• M61 Fragmentation Hand Grenade
• M67 grenade
• M18 grenade Smoke Hand Grenade
• M18A1 Claymore Antipersonnel Mine
• F1 hand grenade
• RG-4 anti-personnel grenade
• RG-42 hand grenade
• RGD-5 hand grenade
• RPG-43 anti-tank grenade
• M60 rifle grenade

Anti-tank rocket and grenade launchers

• M9A1 Bazooka 80mm
• LRAC Mle 50 73mm (French-produced anti-tank rocket launcher developed from the German Panzerschreck)
• Blindicide RL-83 anti-tank rocket launcher^[5]
• M72 LAW^[6]
• RPG-2 rocket-propelled grenade launcher
• RPG-7 rocket-propelled grenade launcher^[7][8]
• Type 69 RPG rocket-propelled grenade launcher
• M47 Dragon
• CMS B-300 83mm Shoulder-launched Multipurpose Assault Weapon (SMAW)
• ENTAC
• MILAN (mounted on Technicals)^[9]
• BGM-71 TOW (mounted on Technicals)
• AT-3 Sagger
• M203 grenade launcher^[10]
• M79 grenade launcher

Recoilless rifles

• M2 Carl Gustav 84mm
• B-10 82mm (mounted on Technicals)
• B-11 107mm (mounted on Technicals)
• SPG-9 73mm
• M40A1 106mm (mounted on Technicals, M113, AMX-VCI, and VAB APCs)^[11]

Mortars

• Type E1 51mm Light mortar
• Thomson-Brandt MO-60-L 60mm light mortar
• M224 60mm lightweight mortar (LWCMS)
• M2 60mm mortar
• M29 81mm mortar
• 82-PM-41 (M-1937) 82mm mortar
• 2B14-1 Podnos 82mm mortar
• 2B11 Sani 120mm towed heavy mortar
• Hotchkiss-Brandt TDA MO-120-RT-61 120mm towed heavy mortar
• 120-PM-43 (M-1943) 120mm heavy mortar
• Soltam M-65 120mm heavy mortar
• Soltam M-66 160mm heavy mortar (mostly mounted on half-tracks)
• 2S4 240mm towed breech-loading heavy mortar

Rocket and missile systems

• Grad-P 122mm Light portable rocket system^[12]
• BM-11 130mm multiple rocket launcher
• BM-21 Grad 122mm multiple rocket launcher^[13]
• APR-40/RO-40 128mm multiple rocket launcher
• BM-12 107mm multiple rocket launcher (mounted on Technicals)^[14]
• BM-14 140mm multiple rocket launcher (mounted on Technicals)^[15]
• Type 63 107mm multiple rocket launcher (Chinese version of the BM-12 mounted on Technicals)^[16]
• Type 81 140mm multiple rocket launcher (Chinese version of the BM-14 mounted on Technicals)^[17]
• FIM-43 Redeye surface-to-air missile
• SA-7 Grail surface-to-air missile^[18]
• Frog-7 short-range artillery rocket
• SS.11 anti-tank missile (mostly mounted on ACMAT trucks and Gazelle helicopter gunships)
• HOT anti-tank missile (mostly mounted on Gazelle helicopter gunships)
• SNEB 68mm rocket projectile

Anti-tank guns

• ZiS-2 57mm anti-tank gun
• ZiS-3 76.2mm anti-tank gun
• D-48 85mm towed anti-tank gun

Anti-aircraft guns and Autocannons

• S-60 57mm anti-aircraft gun^[19]
• Bofors 40mm L/60 anti-aircraft gun (mounted on cargo trucks)^{[20][21][22][23]}
• M621 20mm chain-fed cannon (installed on Gazelle helicopter gunships)
• Zastava M55 20mm autocannon (mostly mounted on technicals and cargo trucks)^[24]
• Hispano-Suiza HSS-661 30mm autocannon
• ZPU (ZPU-1, ZPU-2, ZPU-4) 14.5mm autocannons (mostly mounted on technicals and M113 APCs)
• ZU-23-2 23mm autocannon (mostly mounted on technicals, cargo trucks, M113 and BTR-152 APCs)^[25]
• TCM-20 20mm mount (mounted on M3/M9 half tracks)

Howitzers

• QF Mk III 25 Pounder field gun
• M101A1 105mm towed field howitzer^[26]
• M114A1 155mm towed field howitzer
• Mle 1950 BF-50 155mm howitzer
• M198 155mm howitzer
• FH-70 155mm field howitzer
• M1938 (M-30) 122mm howitzer
• 2A18 (D-30) 122mm howitzer^[27]
• M1944 (BS-3) 100mm anti-tank and field gun
• M1954 (M-46) 130mm towed field gun^[28]
• Type 59 130mm field gun (Chinese-made gun deriveted from the Soviet M-46)
• M1955 (D-20) 152mm towed gun-howitzer

Armoured vehicles

PLO built UR-416 clone in Batey ha-Osef museum, Tel Aviv, Israel. 2005.

• AMX-13 light tank (75mm, 90mm, and 105mm gun versions)^[29][30]
• M41A3 Walker Bulldog light tank^[31]
• Sherman Firefly medium tank
• Sherman M-50 medium tank^[32][33]
• T-34/85 medium tank^[34]
• T-54/55 main battle tank^[35]
• T-62 main battle tank
• Ti-67 (Tiran 4) main battle tank (Israeli-modified version of the T-54/55)^[36][37]
• M48A1 and M48A5 main battle tanks^[38]
• Charioteer tank destroyer^[39][40][41]
• SU-100 self-propelled anti-tank gun
• M42 Duster SPAAG^[42][43][44]
• ZSU-23-4 Shilka SPAAG^{[45][46][47][48]}
• Shorland Mk 1 Patrol Car
• Cadillac Gage V-100 Commando armoured car^[49]
• Staghound armoured car^{[50][51][52][53]}
• Panhard AML-90 armoured car^[54]
• Alvis Saladin armoured car^[55]
• IAI/Ramta RAM-2V Armoured Reconnaissance Vehicle
• IAI/Ramta RBY-2 Scout Armoured Reconnaissance Vehicle
• Bravia V-200 Chaimite armoured car
• UR-416 armoured car^[56][57][58]
• BTR-152 armoured personnel carrier^[59][60][61]
• BTR-50 amphibious armoured personnel carrier
• BTR-60PB armoured personnel carrier
• VAB armoured personnel carrier^[62][63]
• Alvis Saracen armoured personnel carrier^[64][65]
• Panhard M3 VTT armoured personnel carrier^[66][67][68]
• M3/M9 Zahlam half-track^[69]
• M59 armored personnel carrier
• M113 armoured personnel carrier and M113 ACAV^[70][71][72]
• AMX-VCI armoured personnel carrier^[73]
• BMP-1 armoured personnel carrier^[74]
• Homemade armoured cars^[75]

Technicals and transport vehicles

• Hotchkiss M201 jeep (French-produced version of the Willys MB jeep)^[76]
• M151 1/4 ton "Mutt" Jeep^[77]
• M38A1 MD jeep^[78][79]
• Keohwa M-5GA1 Jeep (South Korean-produced version of the M38 jeep)
• UAZ-469 light utility vehicle
• Kaiser M715 jeep^[80]
• Santana 88 Ligero Militar Jeep^[81]
• Land-Rover short and long wheelbase series II-III^[82]
• Pinzgauer 710 light all-terrain vehicle^[83]
• Toyota Land Cruiser (J40) light pick-up
• Toyota Land Cruiser (J45) light pick-up
• Toyota Land Cruiser (J70) light pick-up
• Peugeot 404 light pick-up
• Peugeot 504 light pick-up^[84]
• ACMAT TPK 4.15 SM3 utility truck
• Dodge M37 - 3/4 ton 1953 utility truck
• Dodge WC51 light truck
• Dodge Power Wagon W200 light truck
• Dodge Ram (1st generation) light pick-up^[85]
• GMC Sierra Custom K25/K30 light pick-up
• Chevrolet C-10/C-15 Cheyenne light pick-up
• Chevrolet C-20 Scottsdale light pick-up
• Chevrolet C/K 3rd generation pick-up truck ^[86]
• Nissan Patrol 160-Series pickup^[87]
• Datsun 720 pick-up truck^[88]
• M880/M890 Series CUCV
• Toyota Dyna U10-series light-duty truck
• Toyota U10-series route van (minibus)^[89]
• Volkswagen Type 2 Transporter Pickup^[90]
• AIL M325 Command Car ("Nun-Nun")^[91][92]
• Mercedes-Benz Unimog 416 light truck
• GAZ-66 light truck^[93]
• Chevrolet Series 50 light-duty truck
• Dodge 600 medium-duty truck
• GMC C7500 medium-duty truck
• Bedford RL lorry
• GMC CCKW 2½ ton cargo truck
• M35A1 and M35A2 2-1/2 ton cargo trucks^[94][95]
• ZIL-131 truck
• Isuzu TW truck
• Saviem SM8 TRM 4000 truck
• Berliet GBC 8KT heavy-duty truck
• M54A2 5-ton heavy cargo truck
• KrAZ 255 heavy cargo truck^[96][97]
• M5A1 artillery tractor^[98]

Vehicle-borne improvised explosive devices

• Car bomb^{[99][100][101]}
• Suicide truck-bomb^[102][103]

Helicopters

• Aérospatiale SA 330 Puma medium transport/utility helicopter^[104]
• Aérospatiale SA-342L and SA-314L Gazelle helicopters (used mainly in the gunship role)

Aircraft

• Hawker Hunter fighter jet (used mainly in the fighter-bomber role)^[105]

Naval craft

• EDIC III-class Landing Ship, Tank
• Fairey Marine Tracker MkII Class patrol boat
• Dabur-1 class patrol boat^[106][107]
• Zodiac rubber inflatable boat^[108]
• Converted civilian fishing craft (fitted with Heavy machine-guns)^[109]

See also

• 1958 Lebanon crisis
• Lebanese Civil War
• Syrian intervention in Lebanon
• 1978 South Lebanon conflict
• 1982 Lebanon War

Notes

1. Micheletti and Debay, Liban – dix jours aux cœur des combats (1989), p. 30.
2. Micheletti and Debay, Liban – dix jours aux cœur des combats (1989), p. 35.
3. Micheletti and Debay, Liban – dix jours aux cœur des combats (1989), p. 35.
4. Naud, La Guerre Civile Libanaise - 2e partie: Les combats israélo-Syriens au Liban, 1982, p. 15.
5. Kassis, Véhicules Militaires au Liban/Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2012), p. 16.
6. Micheletti and Debay, Liban – dix jours aux cœur des combats (1989), p. 30.
7. Naud, La Guerre Civile Libanaise - 2e partie: Les combats israélo-Syriens au Liban, 1982, p. 10.
8. Zaloga, Tank battles of the Mid-East Wars (2003), p. 63.
9. Zaloga, Tank battles of the Mid-East Wars (2003), p. 63.
10. Micheletti and Debay, Liban – dix jours aux cœur des combats (1989), p. 30.
11. Zaloga, Tank battles of the Mid-East Wars (2003), p. 25.
12. Jureidini, McLaurin, and Price, Military operations in selected Lebanese built-up areas (1979), appendix A, table A-6.
13. Mahé, La Guerre Civile Libanese, un chaos indescriptible! (1975-1990), p. 81.
14. Zaloga, Tank battles of the Mid-East Wars (2) (1998), p. 66.
15. Zaloga, Tank battles of the Mid-East Wars (2) (1998), p. 66.
16. Zaloga, Tank battles of the Mid-East Wars (2) (1998), p. 66.
17. Zaloga, Tank battles of the Mid-East Wars (2) (1998), p. 66.
18. Guest, Lebanon (1994), p. 106.
19. Jureidini, McLaurin, and Price, Military operations in selected Lebanese built-up areas (1979), pp. 16-21, 32-36, 52; Appendix A, A-10, Table 3; Appendix D, D-5.
20. Jureidini, McLaurin, and Price, Military operations in selected Lebanese built-up areas (1979), pp. 16-21, 32-36, 52; Appendix A, A-10, Table 3; Appendix D, D-5.
21. Kassis, Véhicules Militaires au Liban/Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2012), p. 59.
22. El-Assad, Civil Wars Volume 1: The Gun Trucks (2008), p. 95.
23. http://www.warwheels.net/Model_M35A2wBoforsASSAD.html - 1/35 Model Photos of a Lebanese Special Forces AA QF Bofors 40mm gun mounted on a M35A2 Gun Truck.
24. Kassis, Véhicules Militaires au Liban/Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2012), p. 53.
25. Jureidini, McLaurin, and Price, Military operations in selected Lebanese built-up areas (1979), appendix A, table A-6.
26. Kassis, Véhicules Militaires au Liban/Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2012), p. 52.
27. Micheletti, Bataille d´Artillerie, RAIDS magazine (1989), p. 14.
28. Guest, Lebanon (1994), p. 105.
29. Naud, La Guerre Civile Libanaise - 1re partie: 1975-1978, p. 11.
30. Kassis, Véhicules Militaires au Liban/Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2012), pp. 15; 21-22; 49.
31. Kassis, Véhicules Militaires au Liban/Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2012), pp. 9; 50.
32. Kassis, Véhicules Militaires au Liban/Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2012), p. 62.
33. Jureidini, McLaurin, and Price, Military operations in selected Lebanese built-up areas (1979), Appendix D, D-3.
34. Naud, La Guerre Civile Libanaise - 2e partie: Les combats israélo-Syriens au Liban, 1982, p. 8.
35. Dunord, Liban: Les milices rendent leurs armes, RAIDS magazine (1991), p. 31.
36. Kassis, Les TIRAN 4 et 5, de Tsahal aux Milices Chrétiennes, p. 59.
37. Menargues, Les Secrets de la guerre du Liban (2004), p. 85.
38. Zaloga, Tank battles of the Mid-East Wars (2) (1998), pp. 63-64.
39. Naud, La Guerre Civile Libanaise - 1re partie: 1975-1978, p. 10.
40. Jureidini, McLaurin, and Price, Military operations in selected Lebanese built-up areas (1979), appendix A, table A-6.
41. Kassis, Véhicules Militaires au Liban/Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2012), pp. 38-39; 50.
42. Jureidini, McLaurin, and Price, Military operations in selected Lebanese built-up areas (1979), Appendix D, D-4.
43. Kassis, Véhicules Militaires au Liban/Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2012), pp. 51; 53.
44. El-Assad, Civil Wars Volume 1: The Gun Trucks (2008), p. 91.
45. Micheletti, Les véhicules de la Guerre du Liban, RAIDS magazine (1994), p. 9.
46. http://forum.tayyar.org/f8/army-lebanon-36023/index7.html – information on al-Murabitoun Shilka vehicles.
47. Mahé, La Guerre Civile Libanese, un chaos indescriptible! (1975-1990), p. 81.
48. Naud, La Guerre Civile Libanaise - 2e partie: Les combats israélo-Syriens au Liban, 1982, p. 14.
49. Kassis, Véhicules Militaires au Liban/Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2012), pp. 14; 45; 54-55.
50. Kassis, Véhicules Militaires au Liban/Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2012), pp. 46-48.
51. Fortin, Ludovic. T17E1 Staghound Armoured Car – Le char sur roues, Trucks & Tracks Magazine, December 2007 - January 2008 issue, pp. 48-67.
52. El-Assad, Civil Wars Volume 1: The Gun Trucks (2008), pp. 85-87.
53. http://milinme.wordpress.com/category/staghound/ – Colonel Barakat’s Army of Free Lebanon’s Staghound Mk.III armoured car near Binayit el-Béton, East Beirut, March 1976.
54. Kassis, Véhicules Militaires au Liban/Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2012), pp. 22; 24-25; 40; 56-58.
55. Kassis, Véhicules Militaires au Liban/Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2012), pp. 6-7; 23; 26; 28-29; 30-31.
56. Katz, Battleground Lebanon (1990), p. 38.
57. Zaloga, Tank battles of the Mid-East Wars (2003), p. 56.
58. El-Assad, Civil Wars Volume 1: The Gun Trucks (2008), p. 125.
59. El-Assad, Civil Wars Volume 1: The Gun Trucks (2008), p. 95.
60. Mahé, La Guerre Civile Libanese, un chaos indescriptible! (1975-1990), p. 79.
61. Kassis, Véhicules Militaires au Liban/Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2012), pp. 58-60.
62. Kassis, Véhicules Militaires au Liban/Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2012), p. 21.
63. Zaloga, Tank battles of the Mid-East Wars (2003), pp. 53; 57-58.
64. Kassis, Véhicules Militaires au Liban/Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2012), pp. 30-31.
65. Zaloga, Tank battles of the Mid-East Wars (2003), p. 54.
66. Kassis, Véhicules Militaires au Liban/Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2012), pp. 14; 22; 44; 56-57.
67. Jureidini, McLaurin, and Price, Military operations in selected Lebanese built-up areas (1979), appendix A, table A-6.
68. Zaloga, Tank battles of the Mid-East Wars (2003), pp. 52; 60.
69. El-Assad, Blue Steel: M-3 Halftracks in South Lebanon (2006), p. 58.
70. Christopher F. Foss, Jane’s Tank & Combat Vehicle recognition guide (2002), p. 215.
71. Kassis, Véhicules Militaires au Liban/Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2012), pp. 49-50.
72. El-Assad, Blue Steel III: M-113 Carriers in South Lebanon (2007), p. 8.
73. Zaloga, Tank battles of the Mid-East Wars (2003), pp. 54; 56; 60.
74. Kassis, Véhicules Militaires au Liban/Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2012), p. 66.
75. O'Ballance, Civil War in Lebanon (1998), p. 32.
76. Kassis, Véhicules Militaires au Liban/Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2012), p. 41.
77. Kassis, Véhicules Militaires au Liban/Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2012), pp. 8; 51.
78. Kassis, Véhicules Militaires au Liban/Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2012), pp. 47; 58 ; 60.
79. El-Assad, Civil Wars Volume 1: The Gun Trucks (2008), p. 135.
80. Kassis, Véhicules Militaires au Liban/Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2012), pp. 47; 53.
81. El-Assad, Civil Wars Volume 1: The Gun Trucks (2008), p. 64-65.
82. El-Assad, Civil Wars Volume 1: The Gun Trucks (2008), p. 139.
83. El-Assad, Civil Wars Volume 1: The Gun Trucks (2008), p. 107.
84. Mahé, La Guerre Civile Libanaise, un chaos indescriptible (1975-1990), p. 81.
85. El-Assad, Civil Wars Volume 1: The Gun Trucks (2008), pp. 66-67.
86. El-Assad, Civil Wars Volume 1: The Gun Trucks (2008), p. 93.
87. El-Assad, Civil Wars Volume 1: The Gun Trucks (2008), pp. 68-69.
88. El-Assad, Civil Wars Volume 1: The Gun Trucks (2008), p. 55-57.
89. Kassis, Véhicules Militaires au Liban/Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2012), p. 67.
90. Kassis, Véhicules Militaires au Liban/Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2012), p. 47.
91. Zaloga, Tank battles of the Mid-East Wars (2) (1998), p. 66.
92. El-Assad, Civil Wars Volume 1: The Gun Trucks (2008), pp. 99-101.
93. Dunord, Liban: Les milices rendent leurs armes (1991), p. 31.
94. Kassis, Véhicules Militaires au Liban/Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2012), p. 57.
95. El-Assad, Civil Wars Volume 1: The Gun Trucks (2008), pp. 115; 117.
96. Naud, La Guerre Civile Libanaise - 1re partie: 1975-1978, p. 9.
97. Kassis, Véhicules Militaires au Liban/Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2012), p. 29.
98. Kassis, Véhicules Militaires au Liban/Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2012), pp. 25; 51.
99. The Atlas Group and Walid Raad - Cornerhouse
100. O'Ballance, Civil War in Lebanon (1998), pp. 121; 123.
101. Katz, Russel, and Volstad, Armies in Lebanon (1985), p. 34.
102. Guest, Lebanon (1994), p. 111.
103. O'Ballance, Civil War in Lebanon (1998), p. 132.
104. Micheletti and Debay, Liban – dix jours aux cœur des combats (1989), p. 18.
105. Guest, Lebanon (1994), p. 106.
106. Hoy and Ostrovsky, By Way of Deception: The Making and Unmaking of a Mossad Officer (1990), p. 304.
107. Menargues, Les Secrets de la guerre du Liban (2004), p. 110.
108. Katz and Volstad, Arab Armies of the Middle East Wars 2 (1988), p. 47, Plate H4.
109. Katz and Volstad, Arab Armies of the Middle East Wars 2 (1988), p. 47, Plate H4.

References

• Alain Menargues, Les Secrets de la guerre du Liban: Du coup d'état de Béchir Gémayel aux massacres des camps palestiniens, Albin Michel, Paris 2004. ISBN 978-2226121271 (in French)
• Bill Gunston, An Illustrated Guide to Military Helicopters, Salamander Books Ltd, London 1981. ISBN 978-0861011100
• Christopher F. Foss, Jane’s Tank & Combat Vehicle recognition guide, HarperCollins Publishers, London 2002. ISBN 0-00-712759-6
• Claire Hoy and Victor Ostrovsky, By Way of Deception: The Making and Unmaking of a Mossad Officer, St. Martin’s Press, New York 1990. ISBN 0-9717595-0-2
• Edgar O'Ballance, Civil War in Lebanon, 1975-92, Palgrave Macmillan, London 1998. ISBN 0-333-72975-7
• Éric Micheletti and Yves Debay, Liban – dix jours aux cœur des combats, RAIDS magazine n.º41, October 1989 issue. ISSN 0769-4814 (in French)
• Éric Micheletti, Autopsie de la Guerre au Liban, RAIDS magazine n.º100, September 1994 special issue. ISSN 0769-4814 (in French)
• Jean Dunord, Liban: Les milices rendent leurs armes, RAIDS magazine n.º65, October 1991 issue. ISSN 0769-4814 (in French)
• Samuel M. Katz and Ron Volstad, Battleground Lebanon, Concord Publications, Hong Kong 1990. ISBN 962-361-003-3
• Samuel M. Katz, Lee E. Russel, and Ron Volstad, Armies in Lebanon 1982-84, Men-at-Arms series 165, Osprey Publishing, London 1985. ISBN 0-85045-602-9
• Samuel M. Katz and Ron Volstad, Arab Armies of the Middle East Wars 2, Men-at-arms series 194, Osprey Publishing, London 1988. ISBN 0-85045-800-5
• Samer Kassis, 30 Years of Military Vehicles in Lebanon, Beirut: Elite Group, 2003. ISBN 9953-0-0705-5
• Samer Kassis, Véhicules Militaires au Liban/Military Vehicles in Lebanon 1975-1981, Trebia Publishing, Chyah 2012. ISBN 978-9953-0-2372-4
• Samer Kassis, Les TIRAN 4 et 5, de Tsahal aux Milices Chrétiennes (1960-1990), Trucks & Tanks Magazine n.º 50, July–August 2015, pp. 54–61. ISSN 1957-4193 (in French)
• Steven J. Zaloga, ZSU-23-4 Shilka & Soviet Air Defense Gun Vehicles, Concord Publications, Hong Kong 1993. ISBN 962-361-039-4
• Steven J. Zaloga, Tank battles of the Mid-East Wars (2): The wars of 1973 to the present, Concord Publications, Hong Kong 2003. ISBN 962-361-613-9
• Ken Guest, Lebanon, in Flashpoint! At the Front Line of Today’s Wars, Arms and Armour Press, London 1994, pp. 97–111. ISBN 1-85409-247-2
• Moustafa El-Assad, Blue Steel 2: M-3 Halftracks in South Lebanon, Blue Steel books, Sidon 2006.
• Moustafa El-Assad, Blue Steel III: M-113 Carriers in South Lebanon, Blue Steel books, Sidon 2007.
• Moustafa El-Assad, Blue Steel IV: M-50 Shermans and M-50 APCs in South Lebanon, Blue Steel books, Sidon 2007.
• Moustafa El-Assad, Civil Wars Volume 1: The Gun Trucks, Blue Steel books, Sidon 2008. ISBN 978-9953012568
• Paul Jureidini, R. D. McLaurin, and James Price, Military operations in selected Lebanese built-up areas, 1975-1978, Aberdeen, MD: U.S. Army Human Enginnering Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Technical Memorandum 11-79, June 1979.
• Philipe Naud, La Guerre Civile Libanaise - 1re partie: 1975-1978, Steelmasters Magazine, August–September 2012, pp. 8–16. ISSN 1962-4654 (in French)
• Philipe Naud, La Guerre Civile Libanaise - 2e partie: Les combats israélo-Syriens au Liban, 1982, Steelmasters Magazine, April–May 2013, pp. 8–15. ISSN 1962-4654 (in French)
• Yann Mahé, La Guerre Civile Libanaise, un chaos indescriptible (1975-1990), Trucks & Tanks Magazine n.º 41, January–February 2014, pp. 78–81. ISSN 1957-4193 (in French)