Clostridium acetobutylicum
| Clostridium acetobutylicum | |
|---|---|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Bacteria |
| Division: | Firmicutes |
| Class: | Clostridia |
| Order: | Clostridiale |
| Family: | Clostridiaceae |
| Genus: | Clostridium |
| Species: | C. acetobutylicum |
Clostridium acetobutylicum, ATCC 824, is a commercially valuable bacterium sometimes called the "Weizmann Organism", after Jewish-Russian-born Chaim Weizmann. A senior lecturer at the University of Manchester, England, he used them in 1916 as a bio-chemical tool to produce at the same time, jointly, acetone, ethanol, and butanol from starch. The method has been described since as the ABE process, (Acetone Butanol Ethanol fermentation process), yielding 3 parts of acetone, 6 of butanol, and 1 of ethanol. Acetone was used in the important wartime task of casting cordite. The alcohols were used to produce vehicle fuels and synthetic rubber.
Unlike yeast, which can digest sugar only into alcohol and carbon dioxide, C. acetobutylicum and other Clostridia can digest whey, sugar, starch, cellulose and perhaps certain types of lignin, yielding butanol, propionic acid, ether, and glycerin.
In genetic engineering
In 2008, a strain of Escherichia coli was genetically engineered to synthesize butanol; the genes were derived from Clostridium acetobutylicum.[1][2] In 2013, the first microbial production of short-chain alkanes was reported[3] - which is a considerable step toward the production of gasoline. One of the crucial enzymes - a fatty acyl-CoA reductase - came from Clostridium acetobutylicum.
See also
Further reading
- Nölling J, Breton G, Omelchenko MV, et al. (August 2001). "Genome sequence and comparative analysis of the solvent-producing bacterium Clostridium acetobutylicum". J. Bacteriol. 183 (16): 4823–38. doi:10.1128/JB.183.16.4823-4838.2001. PMC 99537. PMID 11466286.
- Driessen AJ, Ubbink-Kok T, Konings WN (February 1988). "Amino acid transport by membrane vesicles of an obligate anaerobic bacterium, Clostridium acetobutylicum". J. Bacteriol. 170 (2): 817–20. PMC 210727. PMID 2828326.
- Zappe H, Jones WA, Jones DT, Woods DR (May 1988). "Structure of an endo-beta-1,4-glucanase gene from Clostridium acetobutylicum P262 showing homology with endoglucanase genes from Bacillus spp". Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 54 (5): 1289–92. PMC 202643. PMID 3389820.
- Bowles LK, Ellefson WL (November 1985). "Effects of butanol on Clostridium acetobutylicum". Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 50 (5): 1165–70. PMC 238718. PMID 2868690.
- US 1875536
- US 1315585
- Weber, Christian; Farwick, Alexander; Benisch, Feline; Brat, Dawid; Dietz, Heiko; Subtil, Thorsten; Boles, Eckhard (10 June 2010). "Trends and challenges in the microbial production of lignocellulosic bioalcohol fuels". Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 87 (4): 1303–1315. doi:10.1007/s00253-010-2707-z. ISSN 0175-7598. PMID 20535464.
- Jones, DT; Woods, DR (1986). "Acetone-butanol fermentation revisited". Microbiological reviews 50 (4): 484–524. PMC 373084. PMID 3540574.
- Bartha, Ronald M. Atlas & Richard (1993). Microbial ecology : fundamentals and applications (3rd ed.). Redwood City, Calif.: Benjamin/Cummings Pub. Co. p. 563. ISBN 0-8053-0653-6.
- Microbial Processes: Promising Technologies for Developing Countries. Washington: National Academy of Sciences. 1979. Retrieved May 2011.
- Wong Kromhout, Wileen (2011-03-16). "UCLA researchers engineer E. coli to produce record-setting amounts of alternative fuel". UCLA Newsroom.
External links
- ATCC reference organism 824 C.Acetobutylicum.
- findarticles.com: Bacteria speeds drug to tumors - use of Clostridium acetobutylicum enzyme to activate cancer drug CB 1954.
- EPA Clostridium acetobutylicum Final Risk Assessment
- Carolina Bio Supply Living Culture Order Page
- Genetic Engineering of Clostridium acetobutylicum for Enhanced Production of Hydrogen Gas: Penn State University.
- Pathema-Clostridium Resource
- Chaim Weizmann
- Type strain of Clostridium acetobutylicum at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase
References
- ↑ M. Goho, Alexandra (2008-01-16). "Better Bugs for Making Butanol". MIT Technology Review.
- ↑ Atsumi, S.; Hanai, T.; Liao, JC. (Jan 2008). "Non-fermentative pathways for synthesis of branched-chain higher alcohols as biofuels.". Nature 451 (7174): 86–9. doi:10.1038/nature06450. PMID 18172501.
- ↑ Choi, YJ.; Lee, SY. (Oct 2013). "Microbial production of short-chain alkanes.". Nature 502 (7472): 571–4. doi:10.1038/nature12536. PMID 24077097.