Westinghouse Electric (1886)

Westinghouse Electric Corporation

Westinghouse logo (designed by Paul Rand)
Former type	Public
Fate	Dissolved
Successor	Westinghouse Electric Company, Westinghouse Licensing Corporation, Viacom
Founded	Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S. (January 8, 1886)
Founder	George Westinghouse
Defunct	1999
Headquarters	Cranberry Township, Pennsylvania, United States
Area served	Worldwide
Subsidiaries	CBS

The Westinghouse Electric Corporation was an American manufacturing company. It was founded on January 8, 1886, as Westinghouse Electric Company and later renamed Westinghouse Electric Corporation by inventor and entrepreneur George Westinghouse (1846-1914). George Westinghouse had previously founded the Westinghouse Air Brake Company. The corporation purchased CBS broadcasting company 1995 and became CBS Corporation in 1997.

History

George Westinghouse

Westinghouse Electric was founded by George Westinghouse in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in 1886. The firm became active in developing electric infrastructure throughout the United States. The company's largest factories were located in East Pittsburgh Pennsylvania, and Lester, PA and in Hamilton, Ontario, where they made turbines, generators, motors, and switch gear for generation, transmission, and use of electricity.^[1] In addition to George Westinghouse, early engineers working for the company included Frank Conrad, Benjamin Garver Lamme, Oliver B. Shallenberger, William Stanley, Nikola Tesla, Stephen Timoshenko and Vladimir Zworykin.

Early on Westinghouse was a rival to Thomas Edison's electric company. In 1892 Edison was merged with Westinghouse's chief AC rival, the Thomson-Houston Electric Company, making even bigger competitor, General Electric. Westinghouse changed its name to Westinghouse Electric Corporation in 1945. Westinghouse purchased CBS in 1995 and became CBS Corporation in 1997. In 1998, CBS established a brand licensing subsidiary Westinghouse Licensing Corporation (Westinghouse Electric Corporation). In 1997/1998 the Power Generation Business Unit, headquartered in Orlando, FL, was sold to Siemens AG, of Germany. A year later, CBS sold all of its nuclear power businesses to British Nuclear Fuels Limited (BNFL). Soon after, BNFL gained license rights on the Westinghouse trademarks and they used those to reorganize their acquired assets as Westinghouse Electric Company. That company was sold to Toshiba in 2007.

Products and sponsorships

The company pioneered in the power generation industry ^[2] and in long-distance power transmission and high-voltage alternating-current transmission, unveiling the technology for lighting in Great Barrington, Massachusetts.

The first commercial Westinghouse steam turbine driven generator, a 1,500 kW unit, began operation at Hartford Electric Light Co. in 1901. The machine, nicknamed Mary-Ann, was the first steam turbine generator to be installed by an electric utility to generate electricity in the US. George Westinghouse had based his original steam turbine design on designs licensed from the English inventor Charles Parsons. Today a large proportion of steam turbine generators operating around the world, ranging to units as large as 1,500 MW (or 1000 times the original 1901 unit) were supplied by Westinghouse from its factories in Lester, PA, Charlotte, NC or Hamilton, Ont. or were built overseas under Westinghouse license. Major Westinghouse licensees or joint venture partners included Mitsubishi Heavy Industries of Japan and Harbin Turbine Co. and Shanghai Electric Co. of China.

Westinghouse boasted 50,000 employees by 1900, and established a formal research and development department in 1906. While the company was expanding, it would experience internal financial difficulties. During the Panic of 1907, the Board of Directors forced George Westinghouse to take a six-month leave of absence. Westinghouse officially retired in 1909 and died several years later in 1914.

Under new leadership, Westinghouse Electric diversified its business activities in electrical technology. It acquired the Copeman Electric Stove Company in 1914 and Pittsburgh High Voltage Insulator Company in 1921. Westinghouse also moved into radio broadcasting by establishing Pittsburgh’s KDKA, the first commercial radio station, and Boston’s WBZ in 1921. Westinghouse expanded into the elevator business, establishing the Westinghouse Elevator Company in 1928. Throughout the decade, diversification engendered considerable growth; sales went from $43 million in 1914 to $216 million in 1929.^[3]

Westinghouse produced the first operational American turbojet for the US Navy program in 1943. After many successes, the ill-fated J40 project, started soon after WWII, was abandoned in 1955 and led to Westinghouse exiting the aircraft engine business with closure of the Westinghouse Aviation Gas Turbine Division (Kansas City) in 1960.

During the late 1940s Westinghouse applied its aviation gas turbine technology and experience to develop its first industrial gas turbine. A 2000 hp W21 was installed in 1948 at the Mississippi River Fuel Corp gas compression station in Wilmar, Arkansas.^[4] This was the beginning of a 50-year history of Westinghouse industrial and utility gas turbine development,^[5] prior to the sale by Westinghouse of the power generation business to Siemens, AG in 1998. Evolving from the Small Steam and Gas Turbine Division formed in the early 1950s, the Westinghouse Combustion Turbine Systems Division was located in Concordville, PA, near Philadelphia and the old Lester, PA plant, until it was relocated to Power Generation headquarters in Orlando, FL in 1987.

As a result of its participation in the US government's military program for nuclear energy applications (e.g. The Nuclear Navy) Westinghouse was instrumental in the development and commercialization of nuclear energy systems for electric power generation. This business currently operates as the Westinghouse Electric Company, and is owned by Toshiba of Japan. Electricite de France (EDF) a major global player in the nuclear power business, was a long-time licensee of the Westinghouse nuclear technology.

Additional major industrial products in the widespread Westinghouse portfolio included electric motors of all sizes, elevators and escalators, controls and lighting. The Large Motor Division, once headquartered in Buffalo, NY, entered a joint venture with Taiwan Electric Co. (TECO) in the 1970s and today operates as TECO-Westinghouse.

The Westinghouse Transportation Division supplied the equipment and controls for the San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transport (BART) and the Washington, DC METRO, as well as Automated People Movers at several large US airports, including Dallas-Ft. Worth and Orlando. That business was sold to AEG of Germany (1988), which in turn sold it to a joint venture of ABB and Daimler Benz Transportation, Inc (named ADTRANZ) in 1996. Ultimately, the business was acquired by Bombardier of Canada in 2001 and is still headquartered in Pittsburgh, PA.^[6]

Westinghouse was also a leader in the design and manufacturing of household electrical products including radios, televisions, and other audio/video equipment, and both small and large electric appliances of all kinds, from hair dryers and electric irons to clothes washers and dryers, refrigerators and air conditioning units. For many years Westinghouse was a familiar household name and favored brand. After more than 50 years, and after playing a strong No. 2 to rival General Electric for most of that time, Westinghouse decided to exit the appliance business in the mid- 1970s. White-Westinghouse was formed when White Consolidated acquired the Westinghouse appliance unit in 1975.

The company is also known for its time capsule contributions during the 1939 New York World's Fair and 1964 New York World's Fair. They also participated in the St. Louis World's Fair in 1904. They sponsored the Westinghouse Auditorium at the fair, where they showed films documenting Westinghouse products and company plants.^[1] Westinghouse was one of the original corporate sponsors and exhibitors at Walt Disney World's EPCOT attraction in Orlando, FL.

Financial Catastrophe and Corporate Reinvention

In 1990, Westinghouse experienced a financial catastrophe when the Corporation lost over one billion dollars due to bad loans made by its Westinghouse Credit Corp. lending arm.^[3]

In an attempt to revitalize the corporation, the Board of Directors appointed outside management in the form of CEO Michael Jordan, who brought in numerous consultants to help re-engineer the company in order to realize the potential that they saw in the broadcasting industry. Westinghouse reduced the work force in many of its traditional industrial operations and made further acquisitions in that broadcasting to add to its already substantial Group W network, purchasing CBS in 1995. Shortly after, Westinghouse purchased Infinity broadcasting, TNN, CMT, American Radio Systems, and rights to NFL broadcasting. These investments cost the company over fifteen billion dollars. To recoup its costs, Westinghouse sold many other operations. Siemens purchased non-nuclear power generation, while other firms bought the defense electronics, Knoll Office Furniture, Thermoking, and residential security. With little remaining of the company aside from its broadcasting, Westinghouse renamed itself CBS Corporation in 1997.

See references 29 through 35 for a history of the fall of Westinghouse.

Patents

During the 20th century, Westinghouse engineers and scientists were granted more than 28,000 US government patents, the third most of any company.^[7]

Timeline of company evolution

1888 Westinghouse brochure advertising their Alternating system

1880s

• 1884 - George Westinghouse begins developing a DC electric lighting system
• 1885 - Westinghouse becomes aware of the new European transformer based alternating current systems when he reads about them in the UK technical journal Engineering^[8]
• 1885 - William Stanley, Jr., working for Westinghouse, develops the first practical AC transformer^[9]
• 1886 – Westinghouse Electric Company founded
• 1886 - William Stanley, Jr. installs the worlds first operational transformer based multiple voltage transmission system, a demonstration lighting system in Great Barrington, Massachusetts
• 1888 – development of an induction ampere-hour meter for alternating current developed by Oliver B. Shallenberger
• 1888 - licensing of Nikola Tesla's AC and Induction motor patents (Tesla hired as a consultant for one year but quits after a few months).^[10]
• 1889 – renames itself the Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company

1890s

• 1891 – built world's first industrial AC system (Ames Hydroelectric Generating Plant)
• 1893 – supplied electric lights and power for World's Columbian Exposition and generators for Gettysburg Electric Railway
• 1893 - Hired Bertha Lamme Feicht, the company's first female engineer.
• 1894 - Transportation Division (rail equipment) founded ^[11]
• 1895 – installed hydropower AC generators at Adams Power Plant, Niagara Falls which supplied power to Buffalo, New York, completed 1896
• 1898 - Purchases Walker Mfg. Co of Cleveland, establishing main facility and plant in Cleveland which produces power-transmitting machinery, cable railway networks, castings and lighting ^[12]
• 1899 – founded British Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Company

1900s to 1920s

• 1901 – acquires Bryant Electric Company of Bridgeport, Connecticut, which continues operation as a subsidiary
• 1901 - operation of first Westinghouse steam turbine generator installed at Hartford Electric Light Company
• 1904 – with Baldwin, markets Baldwin-Westinghouse electric locomotives and A.C. electrification of railroads, particularly to the New Haven Railroad
• 1909 – introduces continuous-filament tungsten light bulb; ousts George Westinghouse as chairman during bankruptcy reorganization
• 1914 – acquires Copeman Electric Stove Company in Flint, Michigan from Lloyd Groff Copeman, moves it to Mansfield, Ohio and enters the home appliance market (sold in 1974 to White Consolidated Industries)
• 1914 - George Westinghouse dies, with a legacy including 361 patents and the founding of 60 companies.
• 1915 – New England Westinghouse Company opens for business. First product is Mosin–Nagant rifles for the Russian Czar's army. Within two years, the Bolsheviks overthrow the Russian Provisional Government and cancel a previous order of over 1 million rifles. Facing bankruptcy, Westinghouse is rescued by the American Government when it purchases the rifles for use by the military.
• 1916 – share of British Westinghouse purchased by a British holding company, which becomes Metropolitan-Vickers
• 1919 – 8XE Pittsburgh experimental station goes on the air.
• 1919 – Creates RCA with GE, AT&T and United Fruit, buys the American division of Marconi.^[13]
• 1920 – Acquires International Radio Telegraph Company (formerly known as the National Electric Signaling Company)^[14]
• 1921 – acquires the Pittsburg High Voltage Insulator Company
• 1920s – enters the broadcasting industry, with stations like KDKA in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and WBZ in Massachusetts
• 1926 – In partnership with GE and RCA founds NBC Broadcasting.^[13]

1930s and 1940s

• 1932 – announces Ignitron mercury-arc rectifier
• 1934 – opens its Home of Tomorrow in Mansfield, Ohio, to demonstrate Westinghouse home appliances
• 1935 – completes longest continuous electric steel annealing furnace in the world at Ford Motor Company, Dearborn, Michigan
• 1930s – funds invention of the magnetohydrodynamic generator

Close up of Westinghouse logo on historic kitchen stove at John & Mable Ringling Museum, Sarasota

• 1937 – builds first "industrial atom smasher", a 5 MeV Van de Graaff electrostatic nuclear accelerator^[15]
• 1940s – enters aviation with airborne radar (defense electronics sold 1996), jet engine propulsion, and ground based airport lighting, gets defense contract from U.S. military to produce plastic helmet liners for the M1 Helmet
• 1941 – after years of resistance to the unionization efforts of its employees and to the National Labor Relations Act,^[16] signs a national labor agreement with the United Electrical, Radio and Machine Workers of America after a United States Supreme Court decision that upheld the Act.^[17]
• 1943 – purchased the lamp division of Kentucky-Radio Corporation (Ken-Rad) in Owensboro, Kentucky from Roy Burlew in exchange for 35,000 shares of Westinghouse stock valued at $1.6 million ($21.9 million today)
• 1945 – renames itself the Westinghouse Electric Corporation, and makes first automatic elevator.
• Westinghouse Aviation Gas Turbine Division (AGT) started in 1945

1950s to 1970s

• 1951 - conducts first live network TV in U.S.^[13]
• 1952 - opens Cathode Ray Tube facility in Horseheads, NY; facility housed three divisions: Cathode Ray Tube, Electronic Tube, and Industrial and Government Tube.
• 1954 - enters finance as Westinghouse Credit Corporation
• 1954 - adopts "You Can Be Sure... If It's Westinghouse" as advertising slogan for home appliances
• 1955 - buys KDKA-TV (then WDTV) and WKYW (originally, and currently WTAM) radio Cleveland.^[13]
• 1955 – Westinghouse J40 engine failure causes all F3H fighters using the engine to be grounded, and all other jets using it to switch to other engines. Westinghouse forced out of aircraft engine business.

Pittsburgh Westinghouse Sign, 1967.

• 1961 – acquires Thermo King (sold in 1997 to Ingersoll Rand)
• 1964 – begins Skybus project; beginning of automated mass transit
• 1965 - buys Marketeer Electronic Vehicles^[13]
• 1966 - founds Cinema Center Films^[13]
• 1966 - starts housing and real estate development divisions^[13]
• 1966 - buys a toy manufacturer^[13]
• 1967 - lights America's first computer-controlled outdoor electric sign^[18]
• 1967 - makes the lowest bid for the BART project^[19]
• 1969 - buys 7-Up bottling^[13]
• 1973 - develops world's first AMLCD displays
• 1974 – sells well-known home appliance division to White Consolidated Industries which becomes White-Westinghouse
• 1979 – withdraws from all oil related projects in the Middle East after Iranian Revolution

1980s

• 1981 – acquires both cable television operator TelePrompter (sold 1985), Muzak (sold September 1986) and 50% of Showtime^[20] for $576 million.^[21]
• 1982 – acquires robot maker Unimation
• 1982 – sells street light division to Cooper Lighting
• 1983 – sells electric lamp division to Philips
• 1984 - buys Unimation robotics for $105 million.^[13]
• 1986 - buys Los Angeles TV station.^[13]
• 1987 - buys radio stations in Sacramento and Chicago.^[13]
• 1987 - buys electrical equipment, engineering and waste disposal divisions.^[13]
• 1988 – sells elevator/escalator division to Schindler Group
• 1988 – Enters into joint venture with Taiwan Electric to build Electric motors; Taiwan Electric eventually becomes sole owner of business as TECO Motor Company
• 1988 - spins Industrial and Government Tube Division off as Imaging and Sensing Technologies Corporation.
• 1988 – closes the East Pittsburgh generator and Lester, PA turbine plants, which had once been the primary Westinghouse manufacturing facilities.
• 1988 - Bryant Electric subsidiary closed, assets sold to Hubbell in 1991
• 1988 – Transportation Division, including railroad (locomotive and mass transit) equipment business sold to AEG, later merged into Adtranz 1996 and Bombardier Transportation in 2001 ^[11][22]
• 1989 – sells transmission and distribution business to Asea Brown Boveri Group (ABB)
• 1989 - buys Shaw-Walker Furniture and Reff Furniture.^[13]
• 1989 - buys Legacy Broadcasting.^[13]

1990s to 2000s

• 1990 - buys Knoll International Furniture.
• 1994 - buys United Technologies' Norden electronic systems.^[13]
• 1994 – Cleveland operations and facilities purchased by Eaton Corporation for $1.6 billion. Cleveland Westinghouse facilities, as well as manufacturing plants converted into other commercial enterprises ^[12]
• 199x – separates IT and phone service sales into Westinghouse Communications division
• 1995 – under the leadership of Michael H. Jordan buys CBS for $5.4 billion ($8.4 billion today)
• 1996 – buys Infinity Broadcasting for $4.7 billion.^[13]
• 1996 – sells Westinghouse Electronic Systems defense business to Northrop Grumman for $3 billion ($4.5 billion today), becoming Northrop Grumman Electronic Systems
• 1997 - sells Thermo King division to Ingersoll Rand
• 1997 - buys American Radio Systems for $2.6 billion, increasing station network to 175.^[13]
• 1997 – sells most non-broadcast operations; renames itself CBS Corporation as of December 1
• 1998 – sells remaining manufacturing asset, its nuclear energy business, to BNFL which sold it to Toshiba in 2006 which still operates it as Westinghouse Electric Company today
• 1998 - sells its non-nuclear power generation and energy units to Siemens AG, which operates under the name Siemens Westinghouse until 2003.
• 1998 – CBS Corporation creates Westinghouse Licensing Corporation (Westinghouse Electric Corporation) subsidiary to manage the Westinghouse brand
• 1999 - buys Outdoor Systems for $8.7 billion and King World Productions for $2.5 billion.^[13]
• 1999 – CBS acquired by Viacom, marking the end of the original Westinghouse Corporation
• 2005 – Viacom is split into two companies on December 31, with a new Viacom being spun off of the company, and the "old" Viacom being renamed CBS Corporation thus reviving Westinghouse's last name prior to sale and reversing the 1999 Viacom-CBS merger.
• 2010 – The Westinghouse Electric Company (Toshiba) opened new headquarters in Cranberry Township, Butler County, Pennsylvania where it preserves the industrial legacy of the original Westinghouse Electric Corporation.

CEOs

• George Westinghouse 1886-1909^[23]
• Edwin M. Herr 1911-1929^[24]
• F.A. Merrick 1929-Feb. 1938^[25]
• George H. Bucher Feb. 1938-1946^[26]
• Gwilym A. Price 1946-57^[27][28]
• Mark W. Cresap, Jr. 1957-63^[29]
• Don Burnham 1963-1975^[30]
• Robert Kirby 1975-1983^[31]
• Douglas Danforth December 1983-December 1987^[32][33]
• John Marous 1988-June 29, 1990^[34]
• Paul Lego June 30, 1990-January 1993^[35]
• Gary Clark January 1993-July 1993
• Michael Jordan July 1993 – 1998^[36]

See also

• List of Westinghouse locomotives
• Mary-Ann (turbine generator)
• Siemens Westinghouse, also known as Siemens Power Generation, Inc.
• War of Currents
• Westinghouse Electric Company, spinoff nuclear energy company
• Westinghouse Works, 1904
• Westinghouse Broadcasting, also known as Group W
• Westinghouse Lamp Plant

References

1. "Steam Hammer, Westinghouse Works, 1904". World Digital Library. 1904-05. Retrieved 2013-07-28. Check date values in: |date= (help)
2. "Westinghouse Power Generation". 1993.
3. "Westinghouse Electric Corporation".
4. "Westinghouse W21, Mississippi River Fuel Corp". 1948.
5. Scalzo. A, et. al. (1994). "Evolution of Heavy Duty Industrial and Utility Combustion Turbines in the US" (PDF). ASME Gas Turbine Division.
6. "Bombardier, Pittsburgh Fact Sheet" (PDF).
7. 2009 Westinghouse corporate profile
8. Richard Moran, Executioner's Current: Thomas Edison, George Westinghouse, and the Invention of the Electric Chair, Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group - 2007, page 42
9. M.Whelan, Steve Rockwell and Thomas Blalock, William Stanley Jr. - Pioneer of the transformer and alternating current (AC) distribution, edisontechcenter.org
10. John W. Klooster, Icons of Invention: The Makers of the Modern World from Gutenberg to Gates, page 305. Books.google.com. 30 July 2009. Retrieved 10 September 2012.
11. "Bombardier Fact Sheet: Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania" (PDF). Bombardier Inc.
12. "WESTINGHOUSE ELECTRIC CORP. - The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History". Case Western Reserve University.
13. "Westinghouse: Chronology". Ketupa.net. Retrieved April 20, 2013.
14. Westinghouse Company Enters Wireless Field (1920). Earlyradiohistory.us (1920-10-16). Retrieved on 2013-11-02.
15. "Westinghouse Electric Corporation". ExplorePaHistory.com.
16. Feurer R (2006). Radical Unionism in the Midwest, 1900–1950. University of Illinois Press.
17. "Heartland of UE Struggle". UE. September 2002. Retrieved 2008-04-20.
18. "Westinghouse Sign". Pittsburgh Press. 16 January 1968. p. 49.
19. "Pittsburgh Post-Gazette - Google News Archive Search". Retrieved 29 July 2015.
20. "Three Decades of Wall Street's Muzak Fixation - Ray Gustini". The Atlantic Wire. March 24, 2011. Retrieved April 20, 2013.
21. "Pittsburgh Post-Gazette - Google News Archive Search". Retrieved 29 July 2015.
22. "Bombardier in the United States, page 3" (PDF). Bombardier Inc.
23. "Pittsburgh Post-Gazette - Who Killed Westinghouse? - In the beginning". Old.post-gazette.com. March 12, 1914. Retrieved April 20, 2013.
24. "The Milwaukee Journal - Google News Archive Search". Retrieved 29 July 2015.
25. "The Pittsburgh Press - Google News Archive Search". Retrieved 29 July 2015.
26. "The Pittsburgh Press - Google News Archive Search". Retrieved 29 July 2015.
27. "The Pittsburgh Press - Google News Archive Search". Retrieved 29 July 2015.
28. Gwilym A. Price, 89, a high school dropout who became... - Orlando Sentinel. Articles.orlandosentinel.com (1985-06-04). Retrieved on 2013-08-18.
29. http://www.marspapers.org/papers/Shirk_2011_contrib.pdf
30. "Pittsburgh Post-Gazette - Who Killed Westinghouse? - Chapter 1: Doing Well by Doing Good". Old.post-gazette.com. Retrieved April 20, 2013.
31. "Pittsburgh Post-Gazette - Who Killed Westinghouse? - Chapter 2: Sue Me, Sue You Blues". Old.post-gazette.com. Retrieved April 20, 2013.
32. Douglas Danforth: Executive Profile & Biography - Businessweek. Investing.businessweek.com. Retrieved on 2013-11-02.
33. "Pittsburgh Post-Gazette - Who Killed Westinghouse? - Chapter 3: Money, It's a Hit". Old.post-gazette.com. Retrieved April 20, 2013.
34. "Pittsburgh Post-Gazette - Who Killed Westinghouse? - Chapter 4: Big Money and Bad Choices". Old.post-gazette.com. June 29, 1990. Retrieved April 20, 2013.
35. "Pittsburgh Post-Gazette - Who Killed Westinghouse? - Chapter 5: Coming Apart at the Seams". Old.post-gazette.com. January 15, 1991. Retrieved April 20, 2013.
36. "Pittsburgh Post-Gazette - Who Killed Westinghouse? - Chapter 6: Free at Last". Old.post-gazette.com. Retrieved April 20, 2013.

External links

• Timeline of Westinghouse historical events
• "Who Killed Westinghouse?" – 1997 Pittsburgh Post-Gazette article detailing Westinghouse's history and break-up
• The Westinghouse Legacy Pittsburgh Technology Council
• "What Happened to Westinghouse?". Pittsburgh Technology Council. March 1999. Retrieved 2012-10-03.
• "The Westinghouse Electric Company". Antique Light Sockets. Retrieved 2010-07-10.
• Assembling a Generator, Westinghouse Works, 1904
• Westinghouse Electric Corporation Steam Division photograph collection (1898-1964) at Hagley Museum and Library
• A Fact History of Westinghouse (for the Golden Jubilee)
• Westinghouse Power Generation Business Unit, A booklet prepared in 1993 as a statement of commitment of the Power Generation Business Unit (PGBU) to the future of Westinghouse's leading position in the industry