White-capped albatross

This article is about white-capped albatross. For references by SACC, see shy albatross.
White-capped albatross
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Procellariiformes
Family: Diomedeidae
Genus: Thalassarche
Species: T. cauta
Binomial name
Thalassarche steadi
(Falla, 1933)[1]

The white-capped albatross (Thalassarche steadi) is a mollymawk that breeds on the islands off of New Zealand. Not all experts agree that this form should be recognized as a separate species from the shy albatross, Thalassarche cauta. It is a medium-sized black, slate gray, and white albatross and is the largest of the mollymawks.

Taxonomy

Mollymawks are a type of albatross that belong to Diomedeidae family and come from the Procellariiformes order, along with shearwaters, fulmars, storm petrels, and diving petrels. They share certain identifying features. First, they have nasal passages that attach to the upper bill called naricorns. Although the nostrils on the albatross are on the sides of the bill. The bills of Procellariiformes are also unique in that they are split into between seven and nine horny plates. Finally, they produce a stomach oil made up of wax esters and triglycerides that is stored in the proventriculus. This is used against predators as well as an energy rich food source for chicks and for the adults during their long flights.[2] They also have a salt gland that is situated above the nasal passage and helps desalinate their bodies, due to the high amount of ocean water that they imbibe. It excretes a high saline solution from their nose.[3]

The white-capped albatross is part of a greater complex of albatrosses consisting of the shy albatross, Thasassarche cauta, Salvin's albatross, Thalassarche salvini, and Chatham albatross, Thalassarche eremita. In 1998, Robertson and Nunn recommended a four way split,[4] some experts agreed. BirdLife International agreed in 2007,[5] ACAP agreed in 2006,[6] and Brooke agreed in 2004.[7] The SACC agreed to a three-way split, leaving steadi, the white-capped albatross grouped with the shy albatross.[8][9][10] James Clements has yet to agree on any of these splits.[11] Finally, following Brooke, this species was shifted from Diomedea to Thalassarche, which was generally agreed upon by most experts.

Description

The white-capped albatross averages 90 to 99 cm (35–39 in) in length, with a wingspan of 220 to 256 cm (87–101 in).[12] It has a bold white cap that contrasts with a pale silver gray face and a darker brow. Some adults have a white back with brown tipped feathers.[13] They have a dark gray mantle and a black tail. Most of the rest of the body is white. Its bill is pale gray to blue with a yellow tip. Juveniles have a gray bill with a dark tip, and their head is darker, with gray to the collar.

Range and habitat

Breeding population and trends[5]
Location Population Date Trend
Disappointment Island 72,000 pairs 1993
Auckland Island 3,000 pairs
Antipodes Island 50—100 pairs 1994
Adams Island 100 pairs
Total 150,000 1993 Stable

They are endemic to the islands off the coast of New Zealand, with a population of 75,000 breeding pairs, estimated in 2007,[14][15] and 350,000 to 375,000 total birds.[16] Disappointment Island has 72,000 pairs, Auckland Island has 3,000 pairs, Adams Island (Auckland Islands) has 100 pairs,[16][17] and Bollons Island (Antipodes Islands) has 100 pairs.[18]

Juvenile and non-breeding birds are believed to forage in the southwestern Atlantic[19] and a recent DNA test of a South Georgia bird confirmed it.[20] Also, using different techniques, scientists have proven that they forage off the coast of southwestern Africa.[21][22][23] Juveniles are also believed to go as far as the south Atlantic and the southwestern Indian Ocean.

Behavior

Feeding

They are a surface feeder, but may utilize shallow dives for their food which is fish, cephalopods, tunicates, and crustacea.[5]

Reproduction

The white-capped albatross breeds annually on rocks on small islands.[5]

Conservation

The IUCN classifies this species as near threatened,[1] with an occurrence range of 77,700,000 km2 (30,000,000 sq mi) and a breeding range of 22 km2 (8.5 sq mi). The largest threat for this bird is longline and trawl fisheries.[15] Net monitor cables were responsible for large amounts of deaths; however, they were phased out in 1992.[16][17] Commercial exploitation of squid in Bass Strait may present a threat by reducing the food supply. Also, pigs on Auckland Island reduced nesting from 1972–1982, and feral cats also take small number of chicks.[16][17][24]

Since 2006, Auckland Island birds have started to have been tracked, and this will be ongoing.[22]

Footnotes

  1. 1 2 3 BirdLife International (2008)
  2. ↑ Double, M. C. (2003)
  3. ↑ Ehrlich, Paul R. (1988)
  4. ↑ Robertson C. J. R. & Nunn G. B. (1998)
  5. 1 2 3 4 BirdLfie International (2008a)
  6. ↑ ACAP (2006)
  7. ↑ Brooke, M. (2004)
  8. ↑ Remsen Jr., J. V. (2004)
  9. ↑ Remsen Jr., J. V. (2005)
  10. ↑ Remsen Jr., J. V. (2008)
  11. ↑ Clements, J. (2007)
  12. ↑ Dunn, Jon L. & Alderfer, Jonathan (2006)
  13. ↑ Watkins, B. (2008)
  14. ↑ Gales, R., et al. (1998)
  15. 1 2 Baker, G. B., et al. (2007)
  16. 1 2 3 4 Taylor, G. A. (2000)
  17. 1 2 3 Croxall, J. P. & Gales, R. (1998)
  18. ↑ Tennyson, A., et al. (1998)
  19. ↑ White, R. W., et al. (2002))
  20. ↑ Phalan, B., et al. (2004)
  21. ↑ Abbott, C. L., et al. (2006)
  22. 1 2 Thompson, D. R. & Sagar, P. M. (2007)
  23. ↑ Robertson, C. J. R., et al. (2003)
  24. ↑ Thompson, D. R. & Sagar, P. M. (2006)

References

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