Pinus classification

Pinus, the Pines, is a genus of approximately 111 extant tree and shrub species. The genus is currently split into two subgenera, subgenus Pinus (Diploxylon pines or Hard pines), and subgenus Strobus (Haploxylon pines or Soft pines). Each of the subgenera have several sections within based on chloroplast DNA sequencing. Older classifications split the genus with three subgenera, Pinus (Pinus), Pinus (Strobus), and Pinus (Ducampopinus) (Pinyon, Bristlecone and Lacebark pines)physical morphology of based on cone, seed and leaf characters. DNA phylogeny has shown that Pinus (Ducampopinus) species are members of Pinus (Strobus), and the subgenus Pinus (Ducampopinus) is no longer used.^[1]

Subgenus Ducampopinus was regarded as intermediate between the other two subgenera. In many classifications, it is combined into subgenus Strobus, but it was also included in subgenus Pinus in an early classification by the Californian botanist J G Lemmon in 1888, yet it did not fit entirely well in either so it was treated as a third subgenus in its own right. In general, cone and cone scale and seed morphology and leaf fascicle and sheath morphology were emphasized and this seemed to result in a classification that had subsections of pines that were understandable and usually readily recognized by their general appearance. Pines with one fibrovascular bundle per leaf, i.e. subgenera Strobus and Ducampopinus, were known as haploxylon pines, while pines with two fibrovascular bundles per leaf, i.e. subgenus Pinus, were called diploxylon pines. Diploxylon pines tend to have harder timber and more amounts of resin than the haploxylon pines.

Subgenus Pinus

Subgenus Pinus includes the yellow and hard pines.

Section Pinus is mostly in Europe, Asia, except for P. resinosa in northeast North America and P. tropicalis in Cuba.
- Subsection Pinus
  Pinus sylvestris
  - P. densata - Sikang pine
  - P. densiflora - Japanese red pine
  - P. fragilissima
  - P. henryi?
  - P. hwangshanensis - Huangshan pine
  - P. kesiya - Khasi pine
  - P. latteri? - Tenasserim pine
  - P. luchuensis - Luchu pine
  - P. massoniana - Masson's pine
  - P. merkusii - Sumatran pine
  - P. mugo - Mountain pine
  - P. nigra - European black pine
  - P. resinosa - Red pine
  - P. sylvestris - Scots pine
  - P. tabuliformis - Chinese red pine
  - P. taiwanensis - Taiwan red pine
  - P. thunbergii - Japanese black pine
  - P. tropicalis - Tropical pine
  - P. uncinata
  - P. yunnanensis - Yunnan pine
- Subsection Incertae sedis
  - †P. driftwoodensis - Early Eocene, British Columbia, Canada^[2]
- Subsection Pinaster
  Pinus roxburghii
  - P. brutia - Turkish pine
  - P. canariensis'' - Canary Island pine
  - P. halepensis - Aleppo pine
  - P. heldreichii - Bosnian pine
  - P. pinaster - Maritime pine
  - P. pinea - Stone pine
  - P. roxburghii - Chir pine
Section Trifoliae - American hard pines
- Subsection Australes - North America, Central America, Caribbean
  Pinus elliottii
  - P. attenuata - Knobcone Pine
  - P. caribaea - Caribbean Pine
  - P. cubensis - Cuban Pine
  - P. echinata - Shortleaf Pine
  - P. elliottii - Slash Pine
  - †P. foisyi - extinct
  - P. glabra - Spruce Pine
  - P. greggii - Gregg's Pine
  - P. herrerae - Herrera's Pine
  - P. jaliscana - Jalisco Pine
  - P. lawsonii - Lawson's Pine
  - P. leiophylla - Chihuahua Pine
  - P. lumholtzii - Lumholtz's Pine
  - †P. matthewsii - Pliocene, Yukon Territory, Canada^[3]
  - P. muricata - Bishop Pine
  - P. occidentalis - Hispaniolan Pine
  - P. oocarpa - Egg-cone Pine
  - P. palustris - Longleaf Pine
    Pinus muricata
  - P. patula - Patula Pine
  - P. praetermissa - McVaugh's Pine
  - P. pringlei - Pringle's Pine
  - P. pungens - Table Mountain Pine
  - P. radiata - Monterey Pine
  - P. rigida - Pitch Pine
  - P. serotina - Pond Pine
  - P. taeda - Loblolly Pine
  - P. tecunumanii - Tecun Uman Pine
  - P. teocote - Ocote Pine
- Subsection Contortae - North America
  - P. banksiana - Jack Pine
  - P. clausa - Sand Pine
  - P. contorta - Lodgepole Pine
  - P. virginiana - Virginia Pine
- Subsection Ponderosae - Central America, Mexico, western United States, southwest Canada.
  Pinus jeffreyi
  - P. arizonica? - Arizona Pine
  - P. cooperi - Cooper's Pine
  - P. coulteri - Coulter Pine
  - P. donnell-smithii
  - P. devoniana - Michoacan Pine
  - P. douglasiana
  - P. durangensis - Durango Pine
  - P. engelmannii - Apache Pine
  - P. hartwegii - Hartweg's Pine
  - P. jeffreyi - Jeffrey Pine
  - †P. johndayensis - Oligocene
  - P. maximinoi - Thinleaf Pine
  - P. montezumae - Montezuma Pine
  - P. nubicola
  - P. ponderosa - Ponderosa Pine
  - P. pseudostrobus - Smooth-bark Mexican Pine
  - P. sabiniana - Gray Pine
  - P. torreyana - Torrey Pine
  - P. washoensis

Subgenus Strobus

"White pine" redirects here. For other uses, see White Pine (disambiguation).

Pinus strobus

Subgenus Strobus includes the white and soft pines.

Section Parrya
- Subsection Balfourianae - Bristlecone pines, southwest United States
- Subsection Cembroides - Pinyons (Piñons), Mexico, southwest United States
  Pinus cembroides
  - P. cembroides - Mexican Pinyon
  - P. culminicola - Potosi Pinyon
  - P. discolor - Border Pinyon
  - P. edulis - Colorado Pinyon
  - P. johannis - Johann's Pinyon
  - P. maximartinezii - Big-cone Pinyon
  - P. monophylla - Single-leaf Pinyon
  - P. orizabensis - Orizaba Pinyon
  - P. pinceana - Weeping Pinyon
  - P. quadrifolia - Parry Pinyon
  - P. remota - Texas Pinyon or Papershell Pinyon
  - P. rzedowskii - Rzedowski's Pinyon
- Subsection Nelsonianae - northeastern Mexico
  - P. nelsonii -Nelson's Pinyon
Section Quinquefoliae: white pines
- Subsection Gerardianae: East Asia, Himalayas:
  - P. bungeana - Lacebark Pine
  - P. gerardiana - Chilgoza Pine
  - P. squamata - Qiaojia Pine
- Subsection Krempfianae - Vietnam
  - P. krempfii Krempf's Pine
- Subsection Strobus: North America, Central America, Europe and Asia.
  - P. albicaulis - Whitebark Pine
  - P. amamiana - Yakushima White Pine
  - P. armandii - Chinese White Pine
  - P. ayacahuite - Mexican White Pine
  - P. bhutanica - Bhutan White Pine
  - P. cembra - Swiss Pine
  - P. chiapensis - Chiapas Pine
  - P. dabeshanensis - Dabieshan Pine
  - P. dalatensis - Vietnamese White Pine
  - P. fenzeliana - Hainan White Pine
  - P. flexilis - Limber Pine
    Pinus cembra
  - P. koraiensis - Korean Pine
  - P. lambertiana - Sugar Pine
  - P. monticola - Western White Pine
  - P. morrisonicola - Taiwan White Pine
  - P. parviflora - Japanese White Pine
  - P. peuce - Macedonian Pine
  - P. pumila - Siberian Dwarf Pine
  - P. sibirica - Siberian Pine
  - P. strobus - Eastern White Pine
  - P. strobiformis - Chihuahua White Pine
  - P. wallichiana - Blue Pine
  - P. wangii - Guangdong White Pine

Incertae sedis

Species which are not placed in a subgenus at this time.

†P. peregrinus - Pinus peregrinus - Middle Eocene, Golden Valley Formation, North Dakota, USA

References

↑ Gernandt, D. S.; López, G. G.; García, S. O.; Liston, A. (2005). "Phylogeny and classification of Pinus". Taxon 54 (1): 29–42. doi:10.2307/25065300. JSTOR 25065300.
↑ Stockey, R.S. (1983). "Pinus driftwoodensis sp.n. from the early Tertiary of British Columbia". Botanical gazette 144 (1): 148–156. doi:10.1086/337355.
↑ McKown, A.D.; Stockey, R.A.; Schweger, C.E. (2002). "A New Species of Pinus Subgenus Pinus Subsection Contortae From Pliocene Sediments of Ch'Ijee's Bluff, Yukon Territory, Canada" (PDF). International Journal of Plant Sciences 163 (4): 687–697. doi:10.1086/340425.

External links

Tree of Life Web favors classification of Ducampopinus species in Strobus.
NCBI Taxonomy server files Ducampopinus species above as Strobus.

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