Whittemore Peterson Institute

Whittemore Peterson Institute
Founded 2005
Founder Annette Whittemore, Harvey Whittemore, and Daniel Peterson
Type Charitable foundation and research institute
Location
Key people
 President: Annette Whittmore
Research director: Vincent Lombardi
Mission Research and treatment of chronic fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia, atypical multiple sclerosis, and autism

The Whittemore Peterson Institute for Neuro-Immune Disease (WPI) is a research institute and charitable foundation[1] known for its claims[2] that the retrovirus xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus (XMRV) is associated with and may cause chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) and a variety of additional diseases. A report by WPI scientists of an association between CFS and XMRV[3][4][5] was forcibly retracted by the journal Science[6] when the results could not be replicated,[7][8][9][10] and it was discovered that XMRV was a laboratory-created recombinant of two mouse viruses.[2][11][12][13] Amid allegations of sloppiness and scientific misconduct,[14] WPI personnel criticised the methods and motives of other scientists, implying that the negative results were part of a "cover-up" or a "bias against this disease (CFS)".[15][16]

WPI was created by the parents of a CFS patient, Annette and Harvey Whittemore,[17] and by Daniel Peterson, an early researcher of the illness.[18] Peterson left WPI in 2010 due to concerns related to the XMRV research.[15] The institute is affiliated with the University of Nevada, Reno.[19] Judy Mikovits joined as research director in 2006,[17] but was terminated by WPI in October 2011 for not turning her work over to another scientist[20] while also coming under investigation for alleged manipulation of data in her publications related to XMRV.[21] WPI moved to the newly constructed Center for Molecular Medicine in August 2010.[22]

History

Annette Whittemore, co-founder and president of the institute, stated that the inspiration for the institute came from her daughter, Andrea Whittemore-Goad,[23] who was diagnosed with Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) at the age of twelve.[24] Whittemore stated that numerous doctors were unable to help her daughter, and that the first major improvement came ten years after her diagnosis when she was treated by Peterson with the experimental antiviral drug Ampligen.[25] Hemispherx's new drug application for Ampligen, which permits sale and marketing, was rejected by the FDA in December 2009 and the agency asked for another clinical study.[26] Interviewed by The New York Times, Whittemore said that "she had long believed that the syndrome was an infectious disease, but that scientists had rejected the idea",[17] and decided that, "if there was a place of our own where we could find the answers, we could do it more quickly."[19] Her husband Harvey said that his wife also wanted to recognize Peterson for his history of treating the illness since 1984.[23]

The Whittemores and Peterson established the Whittemore Peterson Institute in 2005. Research began in 2006 with the opening of a small laboratory and an office on the University of Nevada, Reno campus under the direction of Judy Mikovits.[17][23] WPI registered as a 501(c)(3) public charity in 2006.[1] The Institute opened a new facility in August 2010 in the University of Nevada's Center for Molecular Medicine.[22] Daniel Peterson left the Whittemore Peterson Institute in 2010 because of concerns about the "singular pursuit of XMRV" that was conducted without his input. His name was added to the Science paper only after a reviewer's comment. Peterson was reported to be working with Jay Levy, one of the original discoverers of HIV, to try to determine whether XMRV was truly present in the same patients examined in the Science study.[15]

Organization and mission

Annette Whittemore serves as president and Institute Administrator of the WPI. Vincent Lombardi, first author of the 2009 Science paper, was appointed as Research Director in March 2011.[27] Lombardi, a biochemist,[5][28] along with Harvey Whittemore, co-founded RedLabs USA, Inc., now Viral Immune Pathology Diagnostics (VIP Dx). Virologist Judy Mikovits was the previous research director. Her employment was terminated in October 2011. Jamie Deckoff-Jones, a doctor who says she has CFS and takes antiviral medications, was director of clinical services until she was fired in 2011.[16] The Institute has stated that their research unit is composed of scientists from the National Cancer Institute, the National Institute of Aging, the La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, and Kings College, UK. Jonathan Kerr (Kings College, London) resigned in 2011.[29]

The WPI's stated mission is to "bring discovery, knowledge, and effective treatments to patients with illnesses that are caused by acquired dysregulation of both the immune system and the nervous system, often resulting in life long disease and disability."[30] The Institute considers such diseases as CFS, fibromyalgia, atypical multiple sclerosis and autism to be "Neuro Immune Diseases" with an underlying infectious or environmental exposure etiology.[31] However, there is currently no expert consensus on the etiology of these diseases and conditions.

Funding and support

Initial funding for the institute was provided by the Whittemores,[25] who in 2004 committed $5 million, successfully lobbied the Nevada legislature for support and arranged an affiliation with their alma mater, the University of Nevada, Reno. The Nevada legislature agreed to provide $3 million,[32] and additional funding was from private donations.[17] $10 million was secured from the governor and legislature by the University of Nevada School of Medicine and the WPI for the Center for Molecular Medicine, where WPI would share space.[17][33] Nevada senators John Ensign[34] and Harry Reid[35][36] separately introduced legislation requesting federal funding for the institute.

Supplemental funding for WPI came from the sale of XMRV diagnostic tests by Viral Immune Pathology Diagnostics (VIP Dx), owned by the Whittemore family, with all net proceeds donated to the WPI.[37][38] In September 2009, WPI announced that Mikovits and collaborator Jonathan Kerr of St. George’s College in London received a $1.6 million, 5-year grant from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases for their proposal to develop new "strategies to decipher the pathophysiology of chronic fatigue syndrome". Jonathan Kerr resigned from the NIH grant and any further research with the WPI in 2011, dissolving the relationship.[39]

Contradictory results and controversy

Background

Judy Mikovits was introduced to Annette Whittemore at an HHV-6 Foundation conference in the spring of 2006, and soon after was hired as the research director of WPI.[40] Mikovits had left the National Cancer Institute (NCI) and moved to California to get married in 2001.[17] As WPI research director, Mikovits attempted to find a connection between CFS and infections.[15] She met Bob Silverman, the co-discoverer of XMRV, at a conference in 2007 and began to look for XMRV using Silverman's reagents. In late 2008, her team had two positive results out of twenty, and adjusted the experimental conditions until all twenty samples tested positive.[15] Mikovits decided to focus all WPI resources on XMRV. She kept the project secret from Peterson and the Whittemores, fearful that skeptics would try to derail her work, but sent test samples to Bob Silverman and to the lab of her mentor at NCI, Frank Ruscetti.[15] Mikovits submitted the first version of the Science paper in May, 2009.

Science publication and response

In 2009, Lombardi et al. reported in the journal Science that they had detected XMRV DNA in 68 of 101 (67%) CFS patients, versus 8 of 218 (3.7%) healthy control subjects.[41][42] Co-authors included Mikovits, her former mentor Ruscetti at the NCI, and Bob Silverman of the Cleveland Clinic.[15] The WPI study was followed by worldwide media coverage, including reports by the BBC, National Public Radio, The New York Times and The Wall Street Journal. Discover Magazine listed it as one of the top 100 stories of 2009.[43] Many CFS patients greeted the report enthusiastically, feeling that XMRV granted legitimacy to their condition and hoping that XMRV would be established as a treatable cause of CFS;[44] some, assuming causation, even "hurry(ied) to doctors for tests and antiretroviral drugs".[10] Others urged the need for more research before drawing conclusions.[15] In the scientific community, initial reactions were mixed. Immediately after the Science paper publication, Patrick Moore and Masahiro Shuda wrote a highly critical F1000 dissent pointing out basic errors in the paper's methods, results and conclusions, "...this manuscript has flaws that leave the reader unsure of knowing precisely what was measured".[45] Others noted the long history of proposed retrovirus-disease connections that were later debunked.[7][12] John Coffin and Jonathan Stoye in a Science commentary accompanying the WPI publication were cautiously optimistic.[46]

In September 2011, the original authors published a "Partial Retraction" of their 2009 findings, in which they acknowledged that "some of the CFS peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) DNA preparations are contaminated with XMRV plasmid DNA."[47] In December 2011, Science retracted the 2009 paper.[48]

Negative results

The first follow-up study was published in PLoS ONE in 2010; it was conducted in the UK and found no evidence of XMRV in CFS patients.[49] The publication sparked what The Economist dubbed a transatlantic "fight".[9] Supporters of the two teams traded accusations of conflicts of interest, technical sloppiness, and failure to care about patients.[3][4][9] The Reno Gazette-Journal reported that Mikovits stated the PLoS ONE study team biased their study so as to not find the virus in its samples, and that Mikovits "suspected insurance companies in the United Kingdom are behind attempts to sully the findings of the Reno study".[4] A steady stream of consistently negative results followed the PLoS ONE report.[50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60] One study, later retracted, found no XMRV but did report evidence of murine retroviral sequences in the blood of some CFS patients.[61][62] Mikovits and Ruscetti attributed the failure to replicate their results to the use of different PCR reactions and to the examination of patients who did not satisfy the same CFS diagnostic criteria.[63] A study using the original reaction conditions did not detect XMRV in UK patients who "not only had CFS, but had considerable disability".[58]

WPI has been included in a multi-center trial, led by Ian Lipkin, that is intended to settle the XMRV-CFS question conclusively.[64] Samples from 150 CFS patients and 150 healthy but comparable donors are to be tested at WPI, the NIH, and the CDC.[15] In the preliminary phase of this project, published in Science in January 2011, four patients initially tested positive at WPI and the CDC, but no XMRV was detected at NCI and no patient was positive after repeated testing.[65]

Contamination

Some researchers were concerned about contamination from the first reports of XMRV-disease associations, and these concerns spread as study after study failed to replicate WPI's results.[12] In December, 2010, four independent articles published in the journal Retrovirology[12] presented evidence that reported XMRV detection could be explained by contamination of laboratory reagents,[66] tissue samples[67] and blood.[68] Samples that were positive for XMRV were also positive for mouse DNA contaminants. Furthermore, the striking identity of XMRV genomic sequences and their similarity to xenotropic MLVs in several human cell lines suggested that XMRV is not a transmissible human pathogen.[69] The British Medical Journal responded with an article entitled, "Chronic fatigue syndrome is not caused by XMRV virus, study shows".[70] A fifth study supporting the contamination hypothesis was published in February, 2011,[71] just ahead of the 18th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections (CROI). At CROI, WPI representatives were absent, and a large amount of negative data was presented. Two groups showed evidence that XMRV is a recombinant of two mouse retroviruses, which infected a prostate cancer cell line during passage through nude mice.[13] Virologist John Coffin, who had previously expressed optimism about the initial WPI data, declared, "It's all contamination."[13] Robert Silverman, who was a co-author of the original XMRV-CFS article but is no longer collaborating with Mikovits,[15] told the Chicago Tribune that he was "concerned about lab contamination, despite our best efforts to avoid it".[16]

Controversial statements and criticism

The Whittemore Peterson Institute and its employees have issued statements that have generated additional controversy. Some of these statements have been made to the press, while others are made in presentations to patient groups. Although there is no consensus that XMRV is a human pathogen or even associated with any disease, Mikovits has stated her opinion that the virus "undoubtedly causes some of the symptoms that are associated with" CFS.[72] Elsewhere, however, she notes that causation has not been proven.[73][74] According to Mikovits, XMRV "is clearly circulating through the population as is our fear and your fear"[16] and has entered the US blood supply. She has also associated XMRV not only with CFS, but also with autism, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, and other diseases.[16] There is no evidence that XMRV is associated with these diseases: all studies that have looked for a connection have produced negative results.[75][76][77][78][79] Virologist Vincent Racaniello has accused Mikovits of "inciting fear".[16]

In response to the contradictory British results, Mikovits stated that scientists had doctored their studies to reach a predetermined conclusion as part of an insurance company conspiracy.[4] Annette Whittemore expressed the opinion that the response to her organization's claims was political, while the director of clinical services, Deckoff-Jones, characterized the negative research findings as a "cover-up and baseless attacks against Dr. Mikovits".[16] Mikovits stated that those who reported negative findings did not "believe" in chronic fatigue syndrome and sought to discredit the disorder itself.[15] Critics disputed these charges.[15] A March 2011 editorial in the journal Nature praised Mikovits's defense of her work, but also asked her and her critics to keep an open mind and to be motivated by patients without allowing their scientific programme to be influenced by patients' beliefs.[44]

WPI has also generated criticism for statements defending the use of antiretroviral medications as a treatment for CFS.[16] For some individuals, these medications can have substantial side effects. Jay Levy states that taking anti-HIV medications is "not like taking an aspirin".[16] There is currently no consensus that XMRV is capable of infecting humans, much less causing disease; the rush to prescribe antiretrovirals has been described as premature and based on "an unproven hypothesis".[44] Another criticism is that even if XMRV did cause CFS and antiviral medications were effective against the virus, rigorous trials would be needed to establish safety, efficacy, and optimal dosing. Anecdotal treatments, they say, are unhelpful and possibly harmful to "the million or more individuals experiencing these serious conditions".[80]

The editors at Science in May 2011 requested that the authors of the 2009 Lombardi et al. study retract the article due to many independent studies that did not find an association of XMRV with CFS, and studies that have presented data showing contaminated laboratory reagents may have led to false positive results. Science reported that Mikovits declined the request on behalf of the original authors, labeled the request "premature", and asserted that the original study results were accurate.[81] The editor-in-chief of the journal Science subsequently published an expression of concern, "Because the validity of the study by Lombardi et al. is now seriously in question".[82] In December 2011, Science retracted the 2009 paper.[48]

XMRV testing

WPI was criticized for offering non-FDA-approved[80] XMRV testing through its subsidiary, Viral Immune Pathology Diagnostics (VIP Dx), which was founded by WPI's Vincent Lombardi and was headed by Harvey Whittemore. The tests, which over 1000 patients purchased, cost $249 to $450.[16] Virologist John Coffin observed that the original paper established the virus neither as a cause of CFS nor as a viable marker; in a Science news article, Sam Kean notes that the utility of the test for a patient or a physician is unclear. VIP Dx asserted that it introduced its XMRV test as a more expert alternative after a different company began offering one.[3] Lombardi argued that the test is useful and that their 36% positive test results support the science in the original paper.[3]

Blood supply safety

Mikovits has stated that XMRV has "almost certainly entered the U.S. blood supply system, but did not know whether it would be susceptible to the same heat treatments that successfully kill off the AIDS virus in blood products."[72] The Wall Street Journal has reported that WPI and other laboratories are participating in a United States federal working group to determine the prevalence of XMRV in the blood supply and the suitability of different detection methods. The WPI is also collecting blood from CFS patients who received their diagnosis after a blood transfusion and are planning to conduct their own study on XMRV blood transmission.[83] The association between XMRV and CFS reported in Science prompted Health Canada,[72][84][85] the New Zealand Blood Service,[86] and The Australian Red Cross Blood Service[87] to restrict individuals with CFS from donating blood in 2010. In June 2010, the American Association of Blood Banks recommended actively discouraging persons diagnosed with CFS from donating blood or blood components.[88] Similar action was taken in Norway in December 2010, when the Norwegian health agency Helsedirektoratet issued a letter of caution to all the blood banks.[89]

References

  1. 1 2 "Whittemore Peterson Institute Forneuro Immune Diseases". Retrieved 22 January 2010.
  2. 1 2 Tsouderos, Trine (6 May 2011). "New study on potential link between XMRV and chronic fatigue syndrome finds, again, nothing". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2011-05-10.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Sam Kean (15 Jan 2010). "An Indefatigable Debate Over Chronic Fatigue Syndrome". Science 327 (5963): 254–255. Bibcode:2010Sci...327..254K. doi:10.1126/science.327.5963.254. PMID 20075217.
  4. 1 2 3 4 Powers, Lenita (13 January 2010). "Reno researchers dispute British challenge to virus discovery". Reno Gazette-Journal. Retrieved 13 January 2010.
  5. 1 2 Lombardi VC, Ruscetti FW, Das Gupta J, et al. (October 2009). "Detection of an infectious retrovirus, XMRV, in blood cells of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome". Science 326 (5952): 585–9. Bibcode:2009Sci...326..585L. doi:10.1126/science.1179052. PMID 19815723. (Retracted)
  6. ↑ Alberts, B (2011). "Retraction". Science 334 (6063): 1636. doi:10.1126/science.334.6063.1636-a. PMID 22194552.
  7. 1 2 Menéndez-Arias L (January 2011). "Evidence and controversies on the role of XMRV in prostate cancer and chronic fatigue syndrome". Rev. Med. Virol. 21 (1): 3–17. doi:10.1002/rmv.673. PMID 21294212.
  8. ↑ Weiss, Robin A (2010). "A cautionary tale of virus and disease". BMC Biology 8: 124. doi:10.1186/1741-7007-8-124. PMC 2946284. PMID 20920148.
  9. 1 2 3 "A fight over the cause of a mysterious disease". The Economist (UK). 7 January 2010.
  10. 1 2 Boseley, Sarah (6 January 2010). "Research casts doubt over US chronic fatigue virus claim. UK study fails to find proof of headline-grabbing American study into test for ME/CFS". The Guardian (UK).
  11. ↑ Delviks-Frankenberry, K; Cingöz, O; Coffin, JM; Pathak, VK (2012). "Recombinant origin, contamination, and de-discovery of XMRV". Current opinion in virology 2 (4): 499–507. doi:10.1016/j.coviro.2012.06.009. PMC 3426297. PMID 22818188.
  12. 1 2 3 4 Smith RA (December 2010). "Contamination of clinical specimens with MLV-encoding nucleic acids: implications for XMRV and other candidate human retroviruses" (PDF). Retrovirology 7 (1): 112. doi:10.1186/1742-4690-7-112. PMC 3022688. PMID 21171980.
  13. 1 2 3 Cohen, J. (2011). "More Negative Data for Link Between Mouse Virus and Human Disease". Science 331 (6022): 1253–1254. doi:10.1126/science.331.6022.1253. PMID 21393520.
  14. ↑ Tsouderos, Trine (2011-11-22). "Covering the stunning fall of Judy Mikovits, researcher of XMRV and chronic fatigue". Chicago Tribune. Tribune Publishing, Inc. Retrieved 2013-06-02.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Callaway, Ewen (14 March 2011). "Virology: Fighting for a cause". Nature 471 (7338): 282–85. Bibcode:2011Natur.471..282C. doi:10.1038/471282a.
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Tsouderos, Trine (17 March 2011). "Research casts doubt on theory of cause of chronic fatigue". Chicago Tribune.
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Grady, Denise (11 October 2009). "A Big Splash From an Upstart Medical Center". The New York Times.
  18. ↑ Hamilton, Jon (8 October 2009). "Virus Linked To Chronic Fatigue Syndrome". NPR. Retrieved 2010-03-14.
  19. 1 2 Grady, Denise (12 October 2009). "Is a Virus the Cause of Fatigue Syndrome?". The New York Times.
  20. ↑ "Scientist Who Led XMRV Research Team Let Go". Wall Street Journal. October 3, 2011.
  21. ↑ "Manipulation alleged in paper linking virus, chronic fatigue syndrome". Chicago Tribune. October 3, 2011.
  22. 1 2 Powers, Lenita (17 August 2010). "New UNR center to aid in fight against numerous afflictions". Reno Gazette. Retrieved 19 October 2010.
  23. 1 2 3 Powers, Lenita (1 November 2009). "Daughter's illness led family to seek help, start institute" (PDF). Reno Gazette-Journal. Retrieved 10 February 2010.
  24. ↑ Marcus, Amy Dockser (12 October 2009). "Cancer-Causing Virus Linked to Chronic Fatigue". The Wall Street Journal.
  25. 1 2 Johnson, Cort (20 April 2008). "Annette Whittemore and the Making of the Whittemore Peterson Institute in Reno". ProHealth.com. Retrieved 6 January 2010.
  26. ↑ George, John (Modified: Thursday, December 3, 2009). "FDA rejects Hemispherx's chronic fatigue drug Ampligen". Philadelphia Business Journal. Retrieved 2010-04-12. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  27. ↑ http://www.wpinstitute.org/news/docs/DirTransRes.pdf
  28. ↑ WPI: "Research Profiles"
  29. ↑ "ABOUT THE WHITTEMORE PETERSON INSTITUTE" (PDF). Retrieved 10 January 2010.
  30. ↑ "Consortium of Researchers Discover Retroviral Link to Chronic Fatigue Syndrome". NIH News - National Institutes of Health - US Department of Health and Human Services. October 8, 2009. Retrieved 24 Feb 2010.
  31. ↑ WPI research statement
  32. ↑ Hagar, Ray (7 June 2007). "Washoe projects receive funding". The Reno Gazette Journal (Reno, Nevada).
  33. ↑ University of Nevada School of Medicine - Center for Molecular Medicine
  34. ↑ Meyers, Laura (2010-12-20). "Nevada counts on fourth House seat". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Retrieved 2011-05-15.
  35. ↑ Reid Press Release, 13 December 2009
  36. ↑ Nevada Sen. Reid lists nearly $100 million in projects to Nevada (Television News). Reno, Nevada: KRNV News 4. 14 December 2009.
  37. ↑ XMRV testing, CFIDS.org
  38. ↑ http://www.wpinstitute.org/news/docs/WPI%20Release%20Diagnostic%20Test.pdf
  39. ↑ "Whittemore Peterson Institute for Neuro Immune Disease, In The News". Retrieved 14 January 2010.
  40. ↑ Annette Whittemore (June 2010). "The Whittemore Peterson Institute: Building Bridges through Private and Public Sector Collaboration". Molecular interventions 10 (3): 120–126. doi:10.1124/mi.10.3.1. PMID 20539029.
  41. ↑ Lombardi VC, Ruscetti FW, Das Gupta J, et al. (October 2009). "Detection of an infectious retrovirus, XMRV, in blood cells of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome". Science 326 (5952): 585–9. Bibcode:2009Sci...326..585L. doi:10.1126/science.1179052. PMID 19815723. (Retracted)
  42. ↑ Lombardi VC, Ruscetti FW, Das Gupta J, et al. (October 2009). "Supporting online material for Detection of an infectious retrovirus, XMRV, in blood cells of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome". Science 326 (5952): 585–9. Bibcode:2009Sci...326..585L. doi:10.1126/science.1179052. PMID 19815723. (Retracted)
  43. ↑ Neimark, Jill. "Top 100 Stories of 2009 #55: Virus Invades Human Genome and Causes... Chronic Fatigue?". Discover. Jan-Feb 2010 (Special).
  44. 1 2 3 "Cause for concern". Nature 471 (7338): 266–266. 2011. doi:10.1038/471266a.
  45. ↑ Moore P and Shuda M: F1000Prime Dissenting Opinion on [Lombardi VC et al., Science 2009, 326:585-9]. In F1000Prime, 18 Nov 2009; DOI: 10.3410/f.1165576.628853. F1000Prime.com/1165576#eval628853
  46. ↑ Coffin, J. M.; Stoye, J. P. (2009-10-23). "Virology. A new virus for old diseases?". Science 326 (5952): 530–531. Bibcode:2009Sci...326..530C. doi:10.1126/science.1181349. PMC 2818280. PMID 19815721.
  47. ↑ Silverman, R.; Das Gupta, J; Lombardi, VC; Ruscetti, FW; Pfost, MA; Hagen, KS; Peterson, DL; Ruscetti, SK; et al. (2011). "Partial Retraction". Science 334 (6053): 176. Bibcode:2011Sci...334..176S. doi:10.1126/science.1212182. PMID 21940859.
  48. 1 2 Alberts B (December 2011). "Retraction". Science 334 (6063): 1636. Bibcode:2011Sci...334.1636A. doi:10.1126/science.334.6063.1636-a. PMID 22194552. - Retrieved 7 Jan 2012.
  49. ↑ Erlwein, O; et al. (2010). Nixon, Douglas F., ed. "Failure to Detect the Novel Retrovirus XMRV in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome". PLoS ONE 5 (1): e8519. Bibcode:2010PLoSO...5.8519E. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0008519. PMC 2795199. PMID 20066031.
  50. ↑ van Kuppeveld, Frank J M (2010). "Prevalence of xenotropic murine leukaemia virus-related virus in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome in the Netherlands: retrospective analysis of samples from an established cohort". BMJ 340: c1018. doi:10.1136/bmj.c1018. PMC 2829122. PMID 20185493.
  51. ↑ Groom, Harriet C T; Boucherit, Virginie C; Makinson, Kerry; Randal, Edward; Baptista, Sarah; Hagan, Suzanne; Gow, John W; Mattes, Frank M; Breuer, Judith; Kerr, Jonathan R; Stoye, Jonathan P; Bishop, Kate N (2010). "Absence of xenotropic murine leukaemia virus-related virus in UK patients with chronic fatigue syndrome". Retrovirology 7: 10. doi:10.1186/1742-4690-7-10. PMC 2839973. PMID 20156349.
  52. ↑ van Kuppeveld FJ, Jong AS, Lanke KH, et al. (2010). "Prevalence of xenotropic murine leukaemia virus-related virus in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome in the Netherlands: retrospective analysis of samples from an established cohort". BMJ 340: c1018. doi:10.1136/bmj.c1018. PMC 2829122. PMID 20185493.
  53. ↑ Switzer, W. M.; Jia, H.; Hohn, O.; Zheng, H.; Tang, S.; Shankar, A.; Bannert, N.; Simmons, G.; Hendry, R. M.; Falkenberg, V. R.; Reeves, W. C.; Heneine, W. (2010). "Absence of evidence of Xenotropic Murine Leukemia Virus-related virus infection in persons with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and healthy controls in the United States". Retrovirology 7 (1): 57. doi:10.1186/1742-4690-7-57. PMC 2908559. PMID 20594299.
  54. ↑ Henrich, T.; Li, J.; Felsenstein, D.; Kotton, C.; Plenge, R.; Pereyra, F.; Marty, F.; Lin, N.; Grazioso, P.; Crochiere, D. M.; Eggers, D.; Kuritzkes, D. R.; Tsibris, A. M. N. (2010). "XMRV Prevalence in Patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome or Chronic Immunomodulatory Conditions". The Journal of Infectious Diseases 202 (10): 1478–1481. doi:10.1086/657168. PMC 2957553. PMID 20936980.
  55. ↑ Hong, P.; Li, J.; Li, Y. (2010). "Failure to detect Xenotropic murine leukaemia virus-related virus in Chinese patients with chronic fatigue syndrome". Virology Journal 7: 224. doi:10.1186/1743-422X-7-224. PMC 2945957. PMID 20836869.
  56. ↑ Hohn, O; Strohschein, K; Brandt, AU; Seeher, S; Klein, S; Kurth, R; Paul, F; Meise, C; Scheibenbogen, C; Bannert, N. Hohn, Oliver; Strohschein, Kristin; Brandt, Alexander U.; Seeher, Sandra; Klein, Sandra; Kurth, Reinhard; Paul, Friedemann; Meisel, Christian; et al. (2010). Digard, Paul, ed. "No evidence for XMRV in German CFS and MS patients with fatigue despite the ability of the virus to infect human blood cells in vitro". PLoS ONE 5 (12): e15632. Bibcode:2010PLoSO...515632H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0015632. PMC 3008728. PMID 21203514.
  57. ↑ Satterfield BC, Garcia RA, Jia H, Tang S, Zheng H, Switzer WM (2011). "Serologic and PCR testing of persons with chronic fatigue syndrome in the United States shows no association with xenotropic or polytropic murine leukemia virus-related viruses". Retrovirology 8 (1): 12. doi:10.1186/1742-4690-8-12. PMC 3050813. PMID 21342521.
  58. 1 2 Erlwein, O.; Robinson, M. J.; Kaye, S.; Wills, G.; Izui, S.; Wessely, S.; Weber, J.; Cleare, A.; Collier, D.; McClure, M. O. (2011). Hasenkrug, Kim, ed. "Investigation into the Presence of and Serological Response to XMRV in CFS Patients". PLoS ONE 6 (3): e17592. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0017592. PMC 3052320. PMID 21408077.
  59. ↑ Furuta, R. A.; Miyazawa, T.; Sugiyama, T.; Kuratsune, H.; Ikeda, Y.; Sato, E.; Misawa, N.; Nakatomi, Y.; Sakuma, R.; Yasui, K.; Yamaguti, K.; Hirayama, F. (2011). "No association of Xenotropic Murine Leukemia Virus-related virus with prostate cancer or chronic fatigue syndrome in Japan". Retrovirology 8 (1): 20. doi:10.1186/1742-4690-8-20. PMC 3065418. PMID 21414229.
  60. ↑ Schutzer SE, Rounds MA, Natelson BH, Ecker DJ, Eshoo MW (2011). "Analysis of cerebrospinal fluid from chronic fatigue patients for multiple human ubiquitous viruses and XMRV". Ann Neurol 69 (4): 735–8. doi:10.1002/ana.22389. PMID 21472770.
  61. ↑ Shyh-Ching Lo; Pripuzova, N.; Li, B.; Komaroff, A. L.; Hung, G.-C.; Wang, R.; Alter, H. J. (2010). "Detection of MLV-related virus gene sequences in blood of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome and healthy blood donors". PNAS 107 (36): 15874–9. Bibcode:2010PNAS..10715874L. doi:10.1073/pnas.1006901107. PMC 2936598. PMID 20798047. (Retracted)
  62. ↑ Martin Enserink (27 August 2010). "CFS: New XMRV paper looks good, skeptics admit—yet doubts linger". Science 329 (5995): 1000. Bibcode:2010Sci...329.1000E. doi:10.1126/science.329.5995.1000. PMID 20798285.
  63. ↑ Mikovits, J. A.; Ruscetti, F. W. (2010). "Response to Comments on "Detection of an Infectious Retrovirus, XMRV, in Blood Cells of Patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome"". Science 328 (5980): 825–825. Bibcode:2010Sci...328..825M. doi:10.1126/science.1184548.
  64. ↑ Stoye, J. P.; Silverman, R. H.; Boucher, C. A.; Le Grice, S. F. (2010-12-22). "The xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related retrovirus debate continues at first international workshop". Retrovirology 7: 113. doi:10.1186/1742-4690-7-113. PMC 3022689. PMID 21176195.
  65. ↑ Kaiser, Jocelyn (7 January 2011). "Studies Point to Possible Contamination in XMRV Findings". Science 331 (6013): 17. Bibcode:2011Sci...331...17K. doi:10.1126/science.331.6013.17. PMID 21212329.
  66. ↑ Sato, E.; Furuta, R. A.; Miyazawa, T. (2010-12-20). "An endogenous murine leukemia viral genome contaminant in a commercial RT-PCR Kit is amplified using standard primers for XMRV". Retrovirology 7: 110. doi:10.1186/1742-4690-7-110. PMC 3024226. PMID 21171978.
  67. ↑ Robinson, M. J.; Erlwein, O. W.; Kaye, S.; Weber, J.; Cingoz, O.; Patel, A.; Walker, M. M.; Kim, W. J.; Uiprasertkul, M.; Coffin, J. M.; McClure, M. O. (2010-12-20). "Mouse DNA contamination in human tissue tested for XMRV". Retrovirology 7: 108. doi:10.1186/1742-4690-7-108. PMC 3019155. PMID 21171966.
  68. ↑ Oakes, B.; Tai, A. K.; Cingöz, O.; Henefield, M. H.; Levine, S.; Coffin, J. M.; Huber, B. T. (2010). "Contamination of human DNA samples with mouse DNA can lead to false detection of XMRV-like sequences". Retrovirology 7: 109. doi:10.1186/1742-4690-7-109. PMC 3022687. PMID 21171973.
  69. ↑ Hue, S.; Gray, E. R.; Gall, A.; Katzourakis, A.; Tan, C. P.; Houldcroft, C. J.; McLaren, S.; Pillay, D.; Futreal, A.; Garson, J. A.; Pybus, O. G.; Kellam, P.; Towers, G. J. (2010). "Disease-associated XMRV sequences are consistent with laboratory contamination". Retrovirology 7 (1): 111. doi:10.1186/1742-4690-7-111. PMC 3018392. PMID 21171979.
  70. ↑ Carlowe, J. (2010). "Chronic fatigue syndrome is not caused by XMRV virus, study shows". BMJ 341: c7358–c7358. doi:10.1136/bmj.c7358. PMID 21177733.
  71. ↑ Garson, Jeremy A; Kellam, Paul; Towers, Greg J (2011). "Analysis of XMRV integration sites from human prostate cancer tissues suggests PCR contamination rather than genuine human infection". Retrovirology 8: 13. doi:10.1186/1742-4690-8-13. PMC 3050814. PMID 21352548.
  72. 1 2 3 Virus leads Canadian Blood Services to ban certain donors Joseph Hall, The Toronto Star, 06 April 2010.
  73. ↑ Grady, Denise (October 8, 2009). "Virus Is Found in Many With Chronic Fatigue Syndrome". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-04-22.
  74. ↑ Virus linked to chronic fatigue syndrome
  75. ↑ Satterfield BC, Garcia RA, Gurrieri F, Schwartz CE (2010). "PCR and serology find no association between xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus (XMRV) and autism". Mol Autism 1 (1): 14. doi:10.1186/2040-2392-1-14. PMC 2964727. PMID 20946639.
  76. ↑ Luczkowiak, J; Sierra, O; González-Martín, JJ; Herrero-Beaumont, G; Delgado, R (2011). "No xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus detected in fibromyalgia patients". Emerging Infectious Diseases 17 (2): 314–5. doi:10.3201/eid1702.100978. PMC 3204766. PMID 21291619.
  77. ↑ Digard, P.; Strohschein, O.; Brandt, K.; Seeher, A. U.; Klein, S.; Kurth, S.; Paul, R.; Meisel, F.; Scheibenbogen, C.; Bannert, N. (2010). Digard, Paul, ed. "No Evidence for XMRV in German CFS and MS Patients with Fatigue Despite the Ability of the Virus to Infect Human Blood Cells in Vitro". PLoS ONE 5 (12): e15632. Bibcode:2010PLoSO...515632H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0015632. PMC 3008728. PMID 21203514.
  78. ↑ Maric R; Pedersen FS; Kjeldbjerg A; Moeller-Larsen A; Bahrami S; Brudek T; Petersen T; Christensen T (November 2010). "Absence of xenotropic murine leukaemia virus-related virus in Danish patients with multiple sclerosis". Journal of Clinical Virology 49 (3): 227–8. doi:10.1016/j.jcv.2010.08.003. PMID 20829105.
  79. ↑ Jeziorski, E.; Foulongne, V.; Ludwig, C.; Louhaem, D.; Chiocchia, G.; Segondy, M.; Rodière, M.; Sitbon, M.; Courgnaud, V. R. (2010). "No evidence for XMRV association in pediatric idiopathic diseases in France". Retrovirology 7: 63. doi:10.1186/1742-4690-7-63. PMC 2920251. PMID 20678193.
  80. 1 2 Kearney, M; Maldarelli, F (2010). "Current status of xenotropic murine leukemia virus–related retrovirus in chronic fatigue syndrome and prostate cancer: reach for a scorecard, not a prescription pad". The Journal of Infectious Diseases 202 (10): 1463–1466. doi:10.1086/657169. PMID 20936981.
  81. ↑ Cohen, Jon (31 May 2011). "New Data Spark Retraction Request for Chronic Fatigue Virus Study". Science Now. Retrieved 1 June 2011.
  82. ↑ http://www.sciencemag.org/content/early/2011/05/31/science.1208542.full.pdf
  83. ↑ "Potential Risk to Blood Supply Probed". The Wall Street Journal. 4 April 2010.
  84. ↑ CBC
  85. ↑ Canadian Blood Services Responds to Possible New Blood Safety Threat
  86. ↑ Atkinson, K (2010-04-21). "Chronic Fatigue Set To Disqualify Blood Donors". Voxy.co.nz. Retrieved 2010-06-25.
  87. ↑ Blood Service updates CFS donor policy
  88. ↑ Recommendation on Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and Blood Donation
  89. ↑ Letter to Norway's bloodbanks

External links

This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the Tuesday, February 09, 2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.