Wilhelm Ritter von Thoma

Wilhelm Ritter von Thoma
Born (1891-09-11)11 September 1891
Dachau, Kingdom of Bavaria, German Empire
Died 30 April 1948(1948-04-30) (aged 56)
Dachau, Bavaria, Allied-occupied Germany
Allegiance  German Empire (to 1918)
 Weimar Republic (to 1933)
 Nazi Germany
Service/branch Condor Legion
Heer
Years of service 1912–45
Rank General der Panzertruppe
Unit 20. Panzer-Division
Battles/wars

World War I

Spanish Civil War

World War II
Awards Knight's Cross of the Military Order of Max Joseph
Spanish Cross In Gold with Swords and Diamonds
Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross

Wilhelm Josef Ritter von Thoma[Note 1] (11 September 1891 – 30 April 1948) was a German officer who served in World War I, in the Spanish Civil War, and as a general in World War II. He was a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross.

Thoma is known for his indiscretion while a POW in the British captivity, whereas he unwittingly revealed the details of the V-1 flying bomb and the V-2 weapons program. He was subject to surveillance by the British intelligence and, while speaking to another German officer, was recorded discussing rockets that were being tested at Kummersdorf West, which he observed while on a visit that also included Generalfeldmarschall Walther von Brauchitsch, the Commander-in-Chief of the Army. British reconnaissance flights over Peenemünde Army Research Center in May and June 1943 brought back unmistakable images of rockets at the facility; the subsequent bombing of the site severely disrupted the program.

Military career

Wilhelm Ritter von Thoma was born in Dachau in 1891. Thoma took part in World War I on the Russian front and the Serbian front. he was decorated with the Knight's Cross of the Bavarian Military Max Joseph Order, the highest military decoration for bravery in the Bavarian Army and was awarded the noble title of Ritter. He remained in the army following the war.[1]

During the Spanish Civil War, he served in Spain in the Condor Legion, following Nazi Germany's intervention on the side of the Nationalists led by Francisco Franco. During the 1941 Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of the Soviet Union, Thoma lead the 17th Panzer Division, and then the 20th Panzer Division, which took part in the Battle of Moscow. In December 1941, Thoma received the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross. In September 1942 Thoma was transferred to serve with the Afrika Korps in North Africa, where he took part in the Second Battle of El Alamein in October 1942.

"I saw it once[Note 2] with Feldmarschall Brauchitsch, there is a special ground near Kunersdorf [sic] ... they've got these huge things which they've brought up here. ... They've always said they would go 15 km into the stratosphere and then. ... You only aim at an area. ... If one was to ... every few days ... frightful. ... The major there was full of hope--he said 'Wait until next year and the fun will start!"[2] of POW Thoma's voice to POW Ludwig Crüwell c. fall 1936,[Note 2] captured after the First Battle of El Alamein (July 1942) and recorded/translated from German by British captors, 22 March 1943).[2][5]

Under British surveillance as POW

On 4 November 1942, Thoma was captured by the British forces and for the remainder of the war, Thoma was a prisoner of war in British captivity. Over the next several years, Thoma was held in several senior officer prisoner of war camps in Great Britain, including Trent Park, Wilton Park, Grizedale Hall and Island Farm. Thoma was subject to surveillance by the Secret Intelligence Service and while speaking to another POW, General Ludwig Crüwell, he was recorded discussing rockets that were being tested at Kummersdorf West, which he observed while on a visit that also included Generalfeldmarschall Walther von Brauchitsch, the Commander-in-Chief of the Army, and other technical program details.[6]

Following his indiscretion, further British reconnaissance flights over Peenemünde in May and June 1943 brought back unmistakable images of rockets at the facility which was developing guided missiles and long-range ballistic missiles better known as the V-1 flying bomb and the V-2. When reconnaissance and intelligence information regarding the V-2 became convincing, Churchill's War Cabinet directed the first planned raid (the Operation Hydra), the attack of Peenemünde in August 1943, as part of Operation Crossbow, the Anglo-American campaign against the German long-range weapons programme.[7]

In late 1945, SS-Brigadeführer Kurt Meyer, captured in Belgium in September 1944 while commanding the 12th SS-Panzer Division "Hitler Jugend", arrived at Trent Park and noted that Thoma, the German camp leader, was "...highly thought of by the English. Relations between him and the guards is excellent."[8] Churchill's high regard for Thoma is evident from his many later quotations of Thoma's opinions on strategic matters, especially in his book about the war. After Montgomery invited Thoma to dine with him in his private trailer, Churchill remarked: "I sympathize with General von Thoma: Defeated, in captivity and... (long pause for dramatic effect) dinner with Montgomery."[9] Thoma died of a heart attack in 1948 in his hometown of Dachau.

Quotes

"I am actually ashamed to be an officer"—regarding his witnessing of German atrocities in Russia.[10]

"The Italians are good workers, but they are not fighters. They don't like noise."— on the value of Italian troops in North Africa.[11]

Decorations and awards

Promotions

Awards

Notes

  1. ↑ Regarding personal names: Ritter was a title before 1919, but now is regarded as part of the surname. It is translated as Knight. Before the August 1919 abolition of nobility as a legal class, titles preceded the full name when given (Graf Helmuth James von Moltke). Since 1919, these titles, along with any nobiliary prefix (von, zu, etc.), can be used, but are regarded as a dependent part of the surname, and thus come after any given names (Helmuth James Graf von Moltke). Titles and all dependent parts of surnames are ignored in alphabetical sorting. There is no equivalent feminine form.
  2. 1 2 In the summer of 1936, Wernher von Braun and Walter Riedel had started to think of a much larger rocket than the A1 & A2 models,[3] and by the middle of 1937, the Peenemünde rocket facility was nearly complete.[4]

References

Citations

  1. ↑ Mitcham, p. 155
  2. 1 2 Jones 1978, p. 333.
  3. ↑ Ordway & Sharpe 1979, p. 32.
  4. ↑ WGBH Educational Foundation (1988). NOVA: Hitler's Secret Weapon (The V-2 Rocket at Peenemunde) (documentary--VHS video 5273). VESTRON Video. Event occurs at 20:00-22:00). ISBN 0-8051-0631-6.
  5. ↑ Secrets of The Dead, Bugging Hitler's Soldiers, Full Episode, PBS (YouTube). PBS. 2013. Retrieved 23 November 2013.
  6. ↑ PBS show "Secrets of the Dead," Episode "Bugging Hitler's Soldiers," transcript at http://www.pbs.org/wnet/secrets/bugging-hitler%E2%80%99s-soldiers-program-transcript/950/
  7. ↑ Neufeld, Michael J (1995). The Rocket and the Reich: Peenemünde and the Coming of the Ballistic Missile Era. New York: The Free Press. p. 198.
  8. ↑ Meyer 2005, p. 344.
  9. ↑ Hayward 1998, p. 105.
  10. ↑ "The Genocide Generals: secret recordings explode the myth they knew nothing about the Holocaust". Daily Mail (London). 21 July 2007.
  11. ↑ B. H. Liddell Hart, The German Generals Talk (1948, reprinted 1979), p. 158
  12. ↑ Dates from 1936-1942: Neitzel, Sönke: Abgehört. Deutsche Generäle in britischer Kriegsgefangenschaft 1942-1954, Propyläen Verlag, Berlin 2005, p. 473.
  13. ↑ Scherzer 2007, p. 743.
  14. ↑ Fellgiebel 2000, pp. 422, 506.

Bibliography

  • Fellgiebel, Walther-Peer (2000) [1986]. Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939–1945 — Die Inhaber der höchsten Auszeichnung des Zweiten Weltkrieges aller Wehrmachtteile [The Bearers of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939–1945 — The Owners of the Highest Award of the Second World War of all Wehrmacht Branches] (in German). Friedberg, Germany: Podzun-Pallas. ISBN 978-3-7909-0284-6. 
  • Hayward, Steven F. (1998). Churchill on leadership executive success in the face of adversity. New York, N.Y.: Three Rivers Press. ISBN 030777452X. 
  • Jones, R. V. (1978). Most Secret War: British Scientific Intelligence 1939-1945. London: Hamish Hamilton. ISBN 0-241-89746-7. 
  • Jones, R. V. (1978). Most Secret War: British Scientific Intelligence 1939-1945. London: Hamish Hamilton. ISBN 0-241-89746-7. 
  • Mitcham, Samuel W. (2000). The Panzer Legions. United States: Stackpole Books. ISBN 978-0-8117-3353-3. 
  • Meyer, Kurt (2005). Grenadiers. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole. ISBN 9780811731973. 
  • Scherzer, Veit (2007). Die Ritterkreuzträger 1939–1945 Die Inhaber des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939 von Heer, Luftwaffe, Kriegsmarine, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm sowie mit Deutschland verbündeter Streitkräfte nach den Unterlagen des Bundesarchives [The Knight's Cross Bearers 1939–1945 The Holders of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939 by Army, Air Force, Navy, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm and Allied Forces with Germany According to the Documents of the Federal Archives] (in German). Jena, Germany: Scherzers Miltaer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-938845-17-2. 
Military offices
Preceded by
Generalmajor Karl Ritter von Weber		 Commander of 17th Panzer Division
17 July 1941 – 15 September 1941 		Succeeded by
Generalleutnant Hans-Jürgen von Arnim
Preceded by
Generalleutnant Georg von Bismarck		 Commander of 20th Panzer Division
14 October 1941 – 30 June 1942 		Succeeded by
Generalleutnant Walter Düvert
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