William Styron

For the company, see Styron (company).
William Styron
Born William Clark Styron, Jr.
June 11, 1925 (1925-06-11)
Newport News, Virginia, U.S.
Died November 1, 2006 (2006-12) (aged 81)
Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts, U.S.
Occupation Novelist, essayist
Nationality American
Alma mater Duke University
Period 1951–2006
Notable works The Confessions of Nat Turner
Sophie's Choice

William Clark Styron, Jr. (June 11, 1925 – November 1, 2006) was an American novelist and essayist who won major literary awards for his work.[1]

Styron was best known for his novels, including:

In 1985, he suffered from his first serious bout with depression. When he emerged out from under this initial experience, Styron was able to write the memoir Darkness Visible (1990), the work he became best known for during the last two decades of his life.

Early years

Styron was born in the Hilton Village historic district[3] of Newport News, Virginia. He grew up in the South and was steeped in its history. His birthplace was less than a hundred miles from the site of Nat Turner’s slave rebellion, later the source for Styron's most famous and controversial novel.

Although Styron’s paternal grandparents had been slave owners, his Northern mother and liberal Southern father gave him a broad perspective on race relations. Styron’s childhood was a difficult one. His father, a shipyard engineer, suffered from clinical depression, which Styron himself would later experience. His mother died from breast cancer in 1939 when Styron was still a boy, following her decade-long battle with the disease.

Styron attended public school in Warwick County, first at Hilton School and then at Morrison High School (now known as Warwick High School) for two years, until his father sent him to Christchurch School, an Episcopal college-preparatory school in the Tidewater region of Virginia. Styron once said, "But of all the schools I attended...only Christchurch ever commanded something more than mere respect—which is to say, my true and abiding affection."[4]

Upon graduation, Styron enrolled in Davidson College[5] and joined Phi Delta Theta. By the age of eighteen he was reading the writers who would have a lasting influence on his vocation as a novelist and writer, especially Thomas Wolfe.[5] Styron transferred to Duke University in 1943 as a part of the U.S. Navy and Marine Corps V-12 program aimed at fast-tracking officer candidates by enrolling them simultaneously in basic training and bachelor's degree programs. There he published his first fiction, a short story heavily influenced by William Faulkner, in an anthology of student work . Styron published several short stories in the University literary magazine, The Archive, between 1944 and 1946.[6] Though Styron was made a lieutenant in the U.S. Marine Corps, the Japanese surrendered before his ship left San Francisco. After the war, he returned to full-time studies at Duke and completed his Bachelor of Arts (B.A.) in English in 1947.[6]

Career

After graduation, Styron took an editing position with McGraw-Hill in New York City. Styron later recalled the misery of this work in an autobiographical passage of Sophie’s Choice. After provoking his employers into firing him, he set about writing his first novel in earnest. Three years later, he published the novel, Lie Down in Darkness (1951), the story of a dysfunctional Virginia family. The novel received overwhelming critical acclaim. For this novel, Styron received the prestigious Rome Prize, awarded by the American Academy in Rome and the American Academy of Arts and Letters.

Military service

His recall into the military due to the Korean War prevented him from immediately accepting the Rome Prize. Styron joined the Marine Corps, but was discharged in 1952 for eye problems. However, he was to transform his experience at Camp Lejeune, North Carolina into his short novel, The Long March, published serially the following year. This was adapted for the Playhouse 90 episode The Long March in 1958.

Travels in Europe

Styron spent an extended period in Europe. In Paris, he became friends with writers Romain Gary, George Plimpton, Peter Matthiessen, James Baldwin, James Jones and Irwin Shaw, among others. In 1953, the group founded the magazine Paris Review, which became a celebrated literary journal.[5]

The year 1953 was eventful for Styron in another way. Finally able to take advantage of his Rome Prize, he traveled to Italy. At the American Academy, he renewed an acquaintance with a young Baltimore poet, Rose Burgunder, to whom he had been introduced the previous fall at Johns Hopkins University. They were married in Rome in the spring of 1953.

Some of Styron’s experiences during this period inspired his third published book Set This House on Fire (1960), a novel about intellectual American expatriates on the Amalfi coast of Italy. The novel received mixed reviews in the United States, although its publisher considered it successful in terms of sales. In Europe its translation into French achieved best-seller status, far outselling the American edition.

Nat Turner controversy

Above the door to his writing studio, Styron posted a quotation from Gustave Flaubert:

“ Be orderly in your life, and ordinary like a bourgeois, in order to be violent and original in your works.[5] ”

A dictum of sorts, these words proved prophetic over the ensuing years. The unyielding originality of Styron's next two novels, published between 1967 and 1979, sparked much controversy. Feeling wounded by his first truly harsh reviews, for Set This House On Fire, Styron spent the years after its publication researching and writing his next novel, the fictitious memoirs of the historical Nathaniel "Nat" Turner, a slave who led a slave rebellion in 1831.

During the 1960s, Styron became an eyewitness to another time of rebellion in the United States, living and writing at the heart of that turbulent decade, a time highlighted by the counterculture revolution with its political struggle, civil unrest, and racial tension. The public response to this social upheaval was furious and intense: battle lines were being drawn. In 1968, Styron signed the “Writers and Editors War Tax Protest” pledge, a vow refusing to pay taxes as a protest against the Vietnam War.[7]

In this atmosphere of dissent, many had criticized Styron's friend James Baldwin for his novel Another Country, published in 1962. Among the criticisms was outrage over a black author choosing a white woman as the protagonist in a story that tells of her involvement with a black man. Baldwin was Styron's house guest for several months following the critical storm generated by Another Country. During that time, he read early drafts of Styron's new novel, and predicted that Styron's book would face even harsher scrutiny than Another Country. “Bill’s going to catch it from both sides,” he told an interviewer immediately following the 1967 publication of The Confessions of Nat Turner.

Baldwin's prediction was correct, and despite public defenses of Styron by leading artists of the time, including Baldwin and Ralph Ellison, numerous other black critics reviled Styron’s portrayal of Turner as racist stereotyping. The historian and critic John Henrik Clarke edited and contributed to a polemical anthology, William Styron's Nat Turner: Ten Black Writers Respond, published in 1968 by Beacon Press. Particularly controversial was a passage in which Turner fantasizes about raping a white woman. Styron also writes of a situation where Turner and another slave boy have a homosexual encounter while alone in the woods. Several critics pointed to this as a dangerous perpetuation of a traditional Southern justification for lynching. Despite the controversy, the novel was a runaway critical and financial success, and won both the 1968 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction,[8] and the William Dean Howells Medal in 1970.

Sophie's Choice

Styron's next novel, Sophie's Choice (1979), also generated significant controversy, in part due to Styron's decision to portray a non-Jewish victim of the Holocaust and in part due to its explicit sexuality and profanity. It was banned in South Africa, censored in the Soviet Union, and banned in Poland for "its unflinching portrait of Polish anti-Semitism"[9] It has also been banned in some high schools in the United States.[10]

The novel tells the story of Sophie (a Polish Roman Catholic who survived Auschwitz), Nathan (her brilliant Jewish lover who suffered from paranoid schizophrenia), and Stingo (a Southern transplant in post-World War II-Brooklyn who was in love with Sophie). It won the 1980 National Book Award[11][lower-alpha 1] and was a nationwide bestseller. A 1982 film version was nominated for five Academy Awards, with Meryl Streep winning the Academy Award for Best Actress for her portrayal of Sophie. Kevin Kline and Peter MacNicol played Nathan and Stingo, respectively.

Darkness Visible

Styron's influence deepened and his readership expanded with the publication of Darkness Visible in 1990. This memoir, which began as a magazine article, chronicles the author's descent into depression and his near-fatal night of "despair beyond despair".[12] It was a vivid and insightful, first-hand account of a major depressive episode and challenged the modern taboo on acknowledging such issues. The memoir greatly increased knowledge and decreased stigmatization of major depressive disorders and suicide. It increased understanding of the phenomenology of the disease among sufferers, their loved ones, and the general public as well. Earlier, in December 1989, Styron had written an op-ed for the New York Times responding to the disappointment and mystification among scholars about the apparent suicide of Primo Levi, the remarkable Italian writer who survived the Nazi death camps, but apparently fell victim to depression in his final years. Reportedly, it was the public's unsympathetic response to Levi's death that impelled Styron to take a more active role as an advocate for educating the public about the nature of depression and the role it played in mental health and suicide.[5] Styron noted in an article for Vanity Fair that "the pain of severe depression is quite unimaginable to those who have not suffered it, and it kills in many instances because its anguish can no longer be borne. The prevention of many suicides will continue to be hindered until there is a general awareness of the nature of this pain. Through the healing process of time—and through medical intervention or hospitalization in many cases—most people survive depression, which may be its only blessing; but to the tragic legion who are compelled to destroy themselves there should be no more reproof attached than to the victims of terminal cancer."[13]

Later work and acclaim

Styron was awarded the Prix mondial Cino Del Duca in 1985.

His short story "Shadrach" was filmed in 1998, under the same title. It was co-directed by his daughter Susanna. His two other daughters are also artists. Paola is an internationally acclaimed modern dancer. Alexandra is a writer, known for the novel All The Finest Girls (2001), as well as a memoir of her life with Styron, Reading My Father: A Memoir (2011). Styron's son Thomas is a professor of clinical psychology at Yale University.

Other works published during his lifetime include the play In the Clap Shack (1973), and a collection of his nonfiction, This Quiet Dust (1982).

French President François Mitterrand invited Styron to his first Presidential inauguration, and later made him a Commander of the Legion of Honor.[14] In 1993, Styron was awarded the National Medal of Arts.[15]

In 2002 an opera by Nicholas Maw based on Sophie's Choice premièred at the Royal Opera House in Covent Garden, London. Maw wrote the libretto and composed the music. He had approached Styron about writing the libretto, but Styron declined. Later the opera received a new production by stage director Markus Bothe at the Deutsche Oper Berlin and the Volksoper Wien, and had its North American premiere at the Washington National Opera in October 2006.[2]

A collection of Styron's papers and records is housed at the Rubenstein Library, Duke University.[6]

Death

Styron died from pneumonia on November 1, 2006, at age 81 in Martha's Vineyard. He is buried at West Chop Cemetery in Vineyard Haven, Dukes County, Massachusetts.[16]

Port Warwick

The Port Warwick neighborhood of Newport News, Virginia was named after the fictional city in Styron's Lie Down in Darkness. The neighborhood describes itself as a "mixed-use new urbanism development." The most prominent feature of Port Warwick is William Styron Square along with its two main boulevards, Loftis Boulevard and Nat Turner Boulevard, named after characters in Styron's novels. Styron himself was appointed to design a "naming plan" for Port Warwick in order to name the "remaining streets and parks in Port Warwick [and] Styron decided to honor great American writers".[17]

Bibliography

Note - the following is a list of the first American editions of Styron's books

Notes

  1. ↑ This was the 1980 award for hardcover general Fiction.
    From 1980 to 1983 in National Book Awards history there were dual hardcover and paperback awards in most categories, and multiple fiction categories, especially in 1980. Most of the paperback award-winners were reprints, including the 1980 general Fiction.

References

  1. ↑ Christopher Lehmann-Haupt (November 2, 2006). "William Styron, Novelist, Dies at 81". The New York Times.
  2. 1 2 Kozinn, Allan (19 May 2009). "Nicholas Maw, British Composer, Is Dead at 73". The New York Times. Retrieved December 28, 2010.
  3. ↑ The Return of a Village Histon'S Boosters See Potential In Its Quaint Wwi Structures
  4. ↑ http://articles.dailypress.com/1990-07-01/news/9006280277_1_classmate-teachers-principal
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 Eric Homberger. "Obituary: William Styron". the Guardian. Retrieved 19 November 2014.
  6. 1 2 3 "William Styron Papers, 1855-2007 and undated". Rubenstein Library, Duke University.
  7. ↑ “Writers and Editors War Tax Protest” January 30, 1968 New York Post
  8. ↑ Confessions of Nat Turner, Amazon.com
  9. ↑ Sirlin, Rhoda and West III, James L. W. Sophie's Choice: A Contemporary Casebook. Newcastle UK: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2007. p. ix. http://www.c-s-p.org/flyers/9781847182371-sample.pdf. Accessed 5 Jan 2013.
  10. ↑ Helfand, Duke. "Students Fight for 'Sophie's Choice" Los Angeles Times. 22 Dec 2001. Accessed 5 Jan 2013.
  11. ↑ "National Book Awards – 1980". National Book Foundation. Retrieved 2012-03-15.
    (With essay by Robert Weil from the Awards 60-year anniversary blog.
  12. ↑ Michiko Kakutani (November 3, 2006). "Styron Visible: Naming the Evils That Humans Do". The New York Times.
  13. ↑ Styron, William (December 1989). "Darkness Visible". Vanity Fair. Retrieved 11 April 2013.
  14. ↑ "William Styron, Pulitzer Prize-Winning Author". ShopHiltonVillage.com. Retrieved December 20, 2010.
  15. ↑ "Lifetime Honors - National Medal of Arts". Nea.gov. Retrieved 2011-06-18.
  16. ↑ "William Styron Find A Grave". Findagrave.com. Retrieved 2011-06-18.
  17. ↑ "William Styron". Portwarwick.com. Retrieved 2011-06-18.
  18. ↑ 1952 (serial), 1956 (book)

External Links and Further Reading

Wikiquote has quotations related to: William Styron
This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the Friday, April 01, 2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.