William Gouge

William Gouge, 1654 engraving by John Dunstall.

William Gouge (1575–1653) was an English clergyman and author. He was a minister and preacher at St Ann Blackfriars for 45 years, from 1608, and a member of the Westminster Assembly from 1643.

Life

He was born in Stratford-le-Bow, Middlesex, and baptised on 6 November 1575.[1] He was educated at Felsted, St. Paul's School, Eton College, and King's College, Cambridge. He graduated B.A. in 1598 and M.A. in 1601.[2][3][4]

Before moving to London, he was a Fellow and lecturer at Cambridge, where he caused a near-riot by his advocacy of Ramism over the traditional methods of Aristotle.[5] (This story about Gouge, who lectured on logic, is related in Wilbur Samuel Howell's Logic and Rhetoric in England 1500-1700 (1956) as an account from Samuel Clarke, and is not reliably dated.[6])

At Blackfriars, he was initially assistant to Stephen Egerton (c.1554-1622), taking over as lecturer.[2][7]

He proposed an early dispensational scheme.[8] He took an interest in Sir Henry Finch's Calling of the Jews, and published it under his own name; this led to a spell of imprisonment in 1621, since the publication displeased James I of England.[9]

Already nearly 70 years old, he attended the Westminster Assembly regularly, and was made chairman in 1644 of the committee set up to draft the Westminster Confession. The other original members of the committee were John Arrowsmith, Cornelius Burges, Jeremiah Burroughs, Thomas Gataker, Thomas Goodwin, Joshua Hoyle, Thomas Temple, and Richard Vines [10] He also acted as an Assessor.[9]

Of Domesticall Duties and the family

Of Domesticall Duties (1622) was a popular and thorough text of its time discussing family life.[11][12] It argued that the wife although above the children is below the husband and the father figure "is a king in his owne house",[13] and was an important conduct book of its period, running to later editions.[14][15]

Gouge himself was father to 13 children. His wife Elizabeth, née Calton, died shortly after the birth of the last of them. They had married in the early 17th century, in effect by arrangement, when Gouge was put under pressure by his family.[3][16][17] Elizabeth had been brought up by the wife of an Essex minister, John Huckle, and was eulogised after her death.[18]

His teaching on female submission may have caused some discomfort within his own congregation.[19] He considered adultery equally bad in both genders, and encouraged love matches.[20]

Other writings

According to Ann Thompson, The Whole Armor of God (1616) illustrates the shift from "transcendent faith" in William Perkins and Samuel Ward, to "immanent faith" in a succeeding generation of Puritan writers.[21]

In God's Three Arrows: Plague, Famine, Sword (1625 and 1631), he mentioned the idea that plague finds victims in poorer people, because they are more easily spared. They should not be allowed to flee affected areas, and nor should magistrates and the aged; but others may properly do so.[22][23] In common with other Protestant theologians of the time, he supported the idea of holy war.[24][25]

His massive Commentary on the Whole Epistle to the Hebrews appeared in 1655 in three volumes, replete with detail and sermon outlines.[26] It was seen into print by his eldest son, Thomas Gouge (c.1605-1681),[27] It was reprinted by James Nichol of Edinburgh in 1866.

Works

Family

Five of his uncles were noted Puritans: Laurence Chaderton and William Whitaker married sisters of his mother, while Nathaniel, Samuel and Ezekiel Culverwell were her brothers.[3] His cousin, Mary Culverwell, married Ezekiel Cheever.

Notes

  1. ↑ http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=45448
  2. 1 2 http://www.puritansermons.com/bio/biogouge.htm
  3. 1 2 3 Francis J. Bremer, Tom Webster, Puritans and Puritanism in Europe and America: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia (2006), p. 111.
  4. ↑ Slightly different dates are given in "Googe, William (GG595W)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.
  5. ↑ William T. Costello, S.J., A Cambridge Prevarication in the Earlier Seventeenth Century, Renaissance News, Vol. 8, No. 4 (Winter, 1955), pp. 179-184.
  6. ↑ https://archive.org/stream/logicandrhetoric011815mbp/logicandrhetoric011815mbp_djvu.txt
  7. ↑ Francis J. Bremer, Tom Webster, Puritans and Puritanism in Europe and America: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia (2006), p. 87.
  8. ↑ http://www.galaxie.com/article.php?article_id=699
  9. 1 2 Concise Dictionary of National Biography
  10. ↑ http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/creeds1.ix.viii.iii.html
  11. ↑ Anthony Fletcher, The Protestant Idea of Marriage, in Anthony Fletcher, Peter Roberts editors, Religion, Culture and Society in Early Modern Britain: Essays in Honour of Patrick Collinson (2006), p. 165.
  12. ↑ Mary Abbott, Extracts in Life Cycles in England, 1560-1720: Cradle to Grave (1996), pp. 180-189.
  13. ↑ William Gouge, Of Domesticall Duties (1622), p. 258.
  14. ↑ http://www.duke.edu/web/rpc/performance/household.html
  15. ↑ http://www.elizabethi.org/contents/essays/marriage.htm
  16. ↑ Kathryn Sather, Sixteenth and Seventeenth Century Child-Rearing: A Matter of Discipline, Journal of Social History, Vol. 22, No. 4 (Summer, 1989), pp. 735-743.
  17. ↑ Phyllis Mack, Visionary Women: Ecstatic Prophecy in Seventeenth-Century England 919940, p. 37.
  18. ↑ Jacqueline Eales, Women in Early Modern England, 1500-1700 (1998), p. 28.
  19. ↑ http://www.hull.ac.uk/renforum/v4no1/marshall.htm
  20. ↑ Christopher Hill, The World Turned Upside Down, p. 309.
  21. ↑ Ann Thompson, The Art of Suffering and the Impact of Seventeenth-Century Anti-Providential Thought (2003), p. 69 and p. 73.
  22. ↑ Christopher Hill, Liberty Against the Law (1996), p. 61.
  23. ↑ Keith Thomas, Religion and the Decline of Magic (1973), p. 790.
  24. ↑ Norman Housley, The Later Crusades, 1274-1580: From Lyons to Alcazar (1992), p. 456, mentioning also Thomas Barnes, Stephen Gosson, and Alexander Leighton.
  25. ↑ Anthony Milton, Catholic and Reformed: The Roman and Protestant Churches in English Protestant Thought, 1600-1640 (2002) p. 37, mentioning Thomas Taylor and Joseph Hall.
  26. ↑ N. Clayton Croy, Endurance in Suffering: Hebrews 12:1-13 in Its Rhetorical, Religious, and Philosophical Context (1998), p. 18.
  27. ↑ http://yba.llgc.org.uk/en/s-GOUG-THO-1605.html

External links

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