William Owen Smith

William Owen Smith
Republic of Hawaii Attorney General
In office November 6, 1895 – March 20, 1899
President	Sanford B. Dole
Succeeded by	Henry E. Cooper
Personal details
Born	August 4, 1848 Kōloa, Kauaʻi
Died	April 13, 1929 (aged 80) Honolulu
Spouse(s)	Mary Abbey Hobron
Occupation	Lawyer

William Owen Smith (August 4, 1848 – April 13, 1929) was a lawyer from a family of American missionaries who participated in the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii. He served as attorney general for the entire duration of the provisional Government of Hawaii and the Republic of Hawaii.

Life

Smith was born August 4, 1848 in Kōloa on the island of Kauaʻi. His mother was Millicent Knapp (1816–1891). His father was physician James William Smith (1810–1887).^[1] His parents were in the tenth set of missionaries to Hawaii from the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions who arrived in 1842.^[2] His sister Charlotte Elizabeth "Lottie" Smith (1845–1896) married Alfred Stedman Hartwell (1836–1912), who was a former general in the American Civil War, on January 10, 1872. His brother Jared Knapp Smith (1849–1897) became a physician and carried on his father's medical practice. His sister Melicent Lena Smith (1854–1943) married William Waterhouse (1852–1942). Waterhouse served as mayor of Pasadena, California 1904–1906.^[3]

He attended Daniel Dole's missionary school at Kōloa, Punahou School from 1863 to 1866,^[4] and then Massachusetts Agricultural College (now the University of Massachusetts Amherst).^[5] On his return he worked as a clerk in his brother-in-law Hartwell's law office. He served as sheriff on Kauaʻi in 1870 and then Maui in 1872 through 1874. While working at the Lāhainā Courthouse, on April 24, 1873 he planted a banyan tree (Ficus benghalensis) to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the arrival of Christian missionaries on the island.^[6]

On March 23, 1876, he married Mary Abbey Hobron. They had five children: Clarence Hobron Smith, Ethel Frances Smith born November 17, 1879, Pauline Melicent Smith, Anna Katherine Smith, and Lorrin Knapp Smith.^[7] He founded the law firm of Smith, Thurston & Kinney with Lorrin A. Thurston and William Ansel Kinney in Honolulu in 1887.

Politics

He acted as deputy attorney general, and was elected as a representative from Maui to the legislature of the Hawaiian Kingdom from 1878 to 1884. He helped draft the 1887 Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawaii, which King Kalākaua was forced to sign, giving it the name "Bayonet Constitution". His law partner Thurston then became minister in the new cabinet.^[8] In the 1887 and 1888 sessions he was elected to the upper House of Nobles. In 1892 he was elected as representative from Kauaʻi.^[9]

Overthrow

Provisional cabinet: (left to right) J. A. King, Dole, Smith, P. C. Jones

He was a member of the Committee of Safety that organized the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii on January 14, 1893. On January 17, he was appointed to the executive council (the new cabinet) of the Provisional Government of Hawaii under president Sanford B. Dole, the son of his former teacher. Dole's stepmother, Charlotte Close Knapp (1813–1874), was widow of Smith's uncle Horton Owen Knapp (1813–1845), who had been a missionary teacher himself on Kauaʻi.^[10] Smith served as Attorney General of Hawaii from the creation of provisional government through the Republic of Hawaii. On December 18, 1895 he became a member of the board of health, and later its president. He had no formal training except for having a father and brother as practicing physicians.^[9]

Murder in the family

His brother Jared Knapp Smith was shot dead on September 24, 1897. It was suspected to be in retaliation for ordering patients suspected of leprosy to have tests that might send them to exile in Kalaupapa. Similar tensions had ignited the Leper War on Kaua'i four years earlier. His former law partner Kinney sailed to Kauaʻi island and was appointed special prosecutor. A native Hawaiian suspect Kapea Kaʻahea was arrested, tried on November 13, 1897, and found guilty of murder in the first degree.^[11]

Instead of waiting for next scheduled term of the circuit court, a special session had been called. Honolulu English-language newspapers said "there seems no doubt of the guilt of the chief prisoner" even before the trial.^[12] The objections brought to the Supreme Court of Hawaii were quickly rejected on February 3, 1898.^[13] Kapea was hanged on April 11, 1898. The rushed nature of the prosecution was thought to be an attempt to show the United States that the government was in firm control. Only a few months later in July 1898, the Newlands Resolution would annex the islands. Of the four executions for capital punishment between 1889 and 1903 in Hawaii, all four were of non-whites within a four-month period.^[11]

Return to private practice

In August 1898 Smith offered to resign, but although now annexed, the old republic government continued to operate.^[14] On March 20, 1899, Smith was replaced as attorney general by Henry Ernest Cooper and returned to private practice. Smith was elected to one term of the Territory of Hawaii senate from 1907 to 1909.^[9]

Smith was a trustee of the Kamehameha Schools, founded from the estate of Bernice Pauahi Bishop, from 1884 to 1886 and from 1897 to 1929.^[15] He was a trustee of the Lunalilo Estate, the Alexander Young Estate and the Honolulu children's hospital. He was on the board of the Guardian Trust Company, Bishop Trust Company, Inter-Island Steam Navigation company and Alexander & Baldwin. Despite his role in the overthrow, deposed Queen Liliʻuokalani selected him to be a founding trustee of her own estate when she made her will in December 1909.^[16] Her personal assets were left in a trust to benefit orphans.^[17]

On November 30, 1915, Prince Jonah Kūhiō Kalanianaʻole challenged the will in court, saying she was "of weakened mind" under the influence of the trustees. This was known as case 23 Haw. 457 in the Supreme Court of Hawaii. The feisty queen demanded a public hearing of her sanity in February 1916. The firm, now Smith, Warren & Sutton, successfully defended Liliʻuokalani.^[18] His law partners at the time were Louis J. Warren and Edwin White Sutton.^[19] Liliʻuokalani's charity still operates today.^[20]

Legacy

Banyan tree he planted in 1873 still stands in Lāhainā

His daughter Ethel Frances Smith (1879–1967) married Henry Alexander Baldwin, known as "Harry" Baldwin who briefly became the congressional delegate for Hawaii. Daughter Anna Katherine Smith (1888–1960) married Harry's brother Samuel Alexander Baldwin (1885–1950) and lived on Maui. The father of his two sons-in-law was Henry Perrine Baldwin, founder of Alexander & Baldwin. Clarence Hobron Smith married Margherita Adele Browning May 7, 1908 in New York. They then moved to Italy.^[21] Youngest son Lorrin Knapp Smith was born October 10, 1890, married Sila Pratt (1890–1952), became a ranch manager on Maui, and died October 27, 1930. The Maui branches of the family are buried in the cemetery at Makawao Union Church.^[22] His niece Madeline Perry Hartwell married Albert Francis Judd, Jr., son of Chief Justice of the Hawaii Supreme Court Albert Francis Judd on July 21, 1899.^[23]

His ties to the oligarchy known as the "Big Five" that dominated the island economy led the opposition press to call him "King Bill the First". They described him using a mix of stereotypes:

He was narrow-minded as a New Englander, domineering as a Russian Czar, yet suave as a Frenchman. He was obstinate as a Scotchman, generous as a Southerner, and at times vicious as an Indian. But he was withal the hardest working official we have ever heard of—next to the Devil.^[14]

In 1926 he was appointed to help organize the public archives of Hawaii.^[9] He donated many of his papers to the collection, including drafts of the 1887 constitution.^[8]

Smith died April 13, 1929 in his home in the Nuʻuanu Valley near Honolulu from pneumonia. After a number of partner changes, his law firm survives as Case Lombardi & Pettit.^[24] Partner Daniel H. Case is the father of Steve Case and uncle of Congressman Ed Case. Case was lawyer for Grove Farm, when it was bought by his son.^[25] It includes the area where Smith grew up. Other notable members of the firm through the years included Cyrus Nils Tavares, Alan Cooke Kay, and W. F.L. Stanley.^[24]

References

1. Hawaiian Mission Children's Society (1901). Portraits of American Protestant missionaries to Hawaii. Honolulu: Hawaiian gazette co. p. 78.
2. "Smith Family Records" (PDF). Kauaʻi Historical Society. Retrieved August 13, 2010.
3. J. W. Wood (1917). Pasadena, California, historical and personal: a complete history of the organization of the Indiana colony, its establishment on the Rancho San Pascual and its evolution into the city of Pasadena. pp. 210–212.
4. William DeWitt Alexander (1907). Oahu college: list of trustees, presidents, instructors, matrons, librarians, superintendents of grounds and students, 1841–1906. Historical sketch of Oahu college. Hawaiian Gazette Company. pp. 79–80.
5. Henry Hill Goodsell; Frederick Tuckerman (1886). General catalogue of the Massachusetts Agricultural College, including the ofiicers of government and instruction, sketches of the alumni, occupations and addresses of the non-graduates, and other matters of interest relating to the college. 1862–1886. J.E. Williams, printer. p. 89.
6. John R. K. Clark (2001). Hawai'i place names: shores, beaches, and surf sites. University of Hawaii Press. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-8248-2451-8.
7. John William Siddall, ed. (1921). Men of Hawaii: being a biographical reference library, complete and authentic, of the men of note and substantial achievement in the Hawaiian Islands. Honolulu Star-Bulletin. p. 365.
8. David W. Forbes (2003). Hawaiian national bibliography, 1780–1900. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 232–233. ISBN 978-0-8248-2636-9.
9. "Smith, William Owen, office record". state archives digital collections. state of Hawaii. Retrieved August 13, 2010.
10. R. Thomas Collins; Joseph S. Wood (March 1999). One Life at a Time: A New World Family Narrative, 1630–1960. RavensYard Publishing. p. 122. ISBN 978-0-9667883-0-3.
11. Esther Kwon Arinaga; Caroline Axtell Garrett (2008). "Murder, a Trial, a Hanging: The Kapea Case of 1897–1898". Hawaiian Journal of History 42 (Hawaii Historical Society). pp. 201–230. Retrieved August 15, 2010.
12. "Lodged in Jail: Murderers of Dr. Smith Were Captured". The Hawaiian gazette (Honolulu). October 5, 1897. p. 1. Retrieved August 19, 2010.
13. Hawaii Supreme Court (1899). "Republic of Hawaii v. Kapea, Kaio and Upapa". Reports of decisions rendered by the Supreme Court of the Hawaiian Islands. H. L. Sheldon. pp. 293–314.
14. "King Bill the First". The Independent (Honolulu). March 16, 1899. p. 2. Retrieved August 19, 2010.
15. "First Years: Trustees: William Owen Smith (1848–1929)". The Kamehameha Schhols Archives. Retrieved August 13, 2010.
16. "Queen Lili‘uokalani’s Deed of Trust" (PDF). The Queen Liliuokalani Trust. Retrieved August 13, 2010.
17. "Ex-Queen to Endow Orphans: Liliuokalani Makes Trust So Disposing of Bulk of Property After Death" (pdf). New York Times. December 4, 1909. Retrieved August 17, 2010.
18. Hawaii Supreme Court (1917). Hawaiian reports: cases decided in the Supreme Court of the Territory of Hawaii 23. Honolulu Star-Bulletin. pp. 457–476.
19. Maryland Casualty Company (1917). Lawyers list. H.R. Brown. p. 62.
20. "The Queen Liliuokalani Trust". official web site. Retrieved August 17, 2010.
21. Hawaiian Mission Children's Society (1920). Annual report. p. 53.
22. S. Viehweg (October 2004). "Makawao Cemetery, Makawao, Maui County, Hawaii". Retrieved August 19, 2010.
23. George R. Carter and Mary H. Hopkins, eds. (July 1922). A record of the descendants of Dr. Gerrit P. Judd of Hawaii, March 8, 1829, to April 16, 1922. Hawaiian Historical Society.
24. "An Uncommon History". official web site. Case Lombardi & Pettit, A Law Corporation – Honolulu, Hawaii. Retrieved August 18, 2010.
25. Stewart Yerton (April 23, 2006). "Grove Farm – a house divided: Litigation that divides family stems from sale clouded in suspicions". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Retrieved August 17, 2010.