Orr's Circle of the Sciences

Orr's Circle of the Sciences was a scientific encyclopedia of the 1850s, published in London by William Somerville Orr.

Circle of the Sciences, illustration from the introductory section of the work

William S Orr & Co.

Engraving of Georges Cuvier, Richard Owen, Lorenz Oken. Originally at p. 161 of the first volume (1854) of Orr's Circle of the Sciences, it was reproduced as on this plate in Owen's The Principal Forms of the Skeleton and the Teeth (1856), which was the standalone publication of two of Owen's articles.

William S. Orr & Co. was a publisher in Paternoster Row, London. It put out the British Cyclopædia in ten volumes of the 1830s.^[1] It also was in business selling engravings (for example the Kenny Meadows illustrations to Shakespeare),^[2] and maps, such as a mid-century Cab Fare and Guide Map of London (c. 1853).^[3]

The firm was a general commercial publisher, with a specialist area of natural history, and also published periodicals.^[4] It was innovative in its use of wood engraving, in its 1838 edition of Paul et Virginie.^[5] In children's literature, it published Christoph von Schmid's Basket of Flowers in an English translation of 1848, in partnership with J. B. Müller of Stuttgart.^[6]

William Somerville Orr

Orr himself was a publishers' agent from the 1830s, and was a close associate of Robert and William Chambers.^[7] He printed a London edition of Chambers's Edinburgh Journal by mid-1832.^[8] The arrangement used stereotype plates, and brought the circulation up to 50,000.^[9] By 1845 the circulation was declining from its peak, and Orr wrote to Chambers explaining that the market was changing.^[10] In 1846 Chambers terminated the arrangement with Orr.^[11]

Punch magazine, set up in 1841, brought in Orr to help with distribution to booksellers and news agents.^[12] Orr died in 1873.^[13]

Orr's Circle of the Sciences

Orr's Circle of the Sciences was announced first as a part publication, a series in weekly parts, price 2d. beginning 5 January 1854.^[14] The series editor was John Stevenson Bushnan, who also wrote the introductory section of the first volume.^[15]

Volume	Year	Title	Content
1	1854	Organic Nature, vol. 1/The Principles of Physiology	On the Nature, Connection, and Uses of the Great Departments of Human Knowledge, John Stevenson Bushnan On the Physiology of Animal and Vegetable Life, John Stevenson Bushnan On the Principal Forms of the Skeleton, Richard Owen On the Principal Forms and Structures of the Teeth, Richard Owen On the Varieties of the Human Species, Robert Gordon Latham[16][17]
2	1854	The Mathematical Sciences	Simple Arithmetic, Algebra and the Elements of Euclid, John Radford Young Planes, Spherical Trigonometry, Series, Logarithms, and Mensuration, John Francis Twisden Practical Geometry, Alexander Jardine[18]
3	1855	A System of Natural History Vol. 1 Botany and Invertebrated Animals	Botany, Edward Smith Zoology, William Sweetland Dallas[19]
4	1855	Elementary Chemistry	John Scoffern.[20] The author explains in the introduction that the work was based on a revision of William Henry's Treatise on Chemistry.
5	1855	Geology, Mineralogy and Crystallography	Science of Physical Geography and Geology, David Thomas Ansted Crystallography and Mineralogy, Walter Mitchell and James Tennant[21][22]
6	1855	Organic Nature Vol. III/A System of Natural History Vol. 2 Vertebrate Animals	William Sweetland Dallas;[23] Edward Smith's name is on the title page, but for "Botany".[24]
7	1856	Practical Astronomy, Navigation, Nautical Astronomy and Meteorology	Nautical Astronony and Navigation, John Radford Young Practical Astronomy, Hugh Breen Meteorology, John Scoffern and Edward Joseph Lowe[23][25] Lowe's participation is mentioned in his Royal Society obituary.[26]
8	1856	Practical Chemistry	Electro-deposition, George Gore Photography, Marcus Sparling Chemistry of Food, translation by Edward Bronner from the German of Jacob Moleschott, Lehre des Nahrungsmittel für das Volk[27] Adulterations of Food, John Scoffern[23][28]
9	1856	Mechanical Philosophy	Mechanical Laws, Theory of Equilibrium, Mechanical Powers, Statics, Dynamics, and Hydrostatics, Walter Mitchell John Radford Young Mechanical Drawing, Strength of Materials, Construction of Machinery, the Steam Engine, and Textile Machines, John Imray[29]

Notes

1. The British Cyclopædia of the Arts, Sciences, History, Geography, Literature, Natural history, and Biography. Wm. S. Orr and co. 1838. p. 9.
2. British Museum database, Kenny Meadows.
3. Ralph Hyde (1975). Printed Maps of Victorian London 1851–1900. William Dawson & Sons. p. 76. ISBN 0 7129 0639 8.
4. Jim Endersby (15 May 2008). Imperial Nature: Joseph Hooker and the Practices of Victorian Science. University of Chicago Press. p. 198. ISBN 978-0-226-20791-9.
5. Michael F. Suarez, S.J.; H. R. Woudhuysen (October 2013). The Book: A Global History. Oxford University Press. p. 241. ISBN 978-0-19-967941-6.
6. Jürgen Barkhoff; Gilbert Carr; Roger Paulin (1 January 2000). Das schwierige 19. Jahrhundert: Germanistische Tagung zum 65. Geburtstag von Eda Sagarra im August 1998. Mit einem Vorwort von Wolfgang Frühwald. Walter de Gruyter. p. 563. ISBN 978-3-11-093655-1.
7. Aileen Fyfe (6 January 2012). Steam-Powered Knowledge: William Chambers and the Business of Publishing, 1820-1860. University of Chicago Press. p. 112. ISBN 978-0-226-27654-0.
8. Howard Cox; Simon Mowatt (March 2014). Revolutions from Grub Street: A History of Magazine Publishing in Britain. Oxford University Press. pp. 5–6. ISBN 978-0-19-960163-9.
9. Laurel Brake; Marysa Demoor; Margaret Beetham (2009). Dictionary of Nineteenth-century Journalism in Great Britain and Ireland. Academia Press. p. 106. ISBN 978-90-382-1340-8.
10. Joanne Shattock; Michael Shattock, eds. (1982). The Victorian Periodical Press: Samplings and Soundings. Leicester University Press. p. 245. ISBN 0718511905.
11. Professor Miles Ogborn; Professor Charles W J Withers (28 November 2012). Geographies of the Book. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 68. ISBN 978-1-4094-8854-5.
12. Alan R. Young (2007). Punch and Shakespeare in the Victorian Era. Peter Lang. p. 27. ISBN 978-3-03911-078-0.
13. Charles Darwin (1990). The Correspondence of Charles Darwin: 1856-1857. Cambridge University Press. pp. 615–. ISBN 978-0-521-25586-8.
14. Notes and Queries Number 213, November 26. 1853. p. 531.
15. John Stevenson Bushnan, The principles of animal and vegetable physiology: a popular treatise on the functions and phenomena of organic life: to which is prefixed a general view of the great departments of human knowledge (1854), p. iii; archive.org.
16. Richard Owen; Robert Gordon Latham; Edward Smith; William Sweetland Dallas (1854). Orr's Circle of the Sciences: A Series of Treatises on the Principles of Science, with Their Application to Practical Pursuits. Organic Nature ... W. S. Orr and Company.
17. William Somerville Orr; Richard Owen; Robert Gordon Latham (1854). The Principles of Physiology. W. S. Orr and Company.
18. William Somerville Orr (1854). Orr's Circle of the Sciences: The mathematical sciences. W. S. Orr and Company.
19. William Somerville Orr; Richard Owen; Edward Smith; Robert Gordon Latham; William Sweetland Dallas (1855). Orr's Circle of the Sciences: A Series of Treatises on the Principles of Science, with Their Application to Practical Pursuits. Organic Nature ... W. S. Orr and Company. p. 207.
20. William Somerville Orr (1855). Orr's circle of the sciences: a series of treatises on the principles of science, with their application to practical pursuits. W. S. Orr.
21. William Somerville Orr (1855). Orr's Circle of the Sciences: Inorganic nature] Geology, mineralogy, and crystallography. W. S. Orr and Company.
22. "Mitchell, Walter (MTCL834W)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.
23. Edward Smith (1855). Structural and systematic botany. p. ii.
24. William Somerville Orr (1855). Orr's circle of the sciences: a series of treatises on the principles of science, with their application to practical pursuits. W. S. Orr.
25. "Orr's Circle of the Sciences: A Series of Treatises on the Principles of Science with Their ...". Internet Archive.
26. Obituary Notices of Fellows Deceased, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Vol. 75, (1904 - 1905), pp. 19-380, at p. 102. Published by: The Royal Society. Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/116738
27. New Sydenham Society (1860). A Year-book of Medicine, Surgery and their Allied Sciences, for 1859. Printed for The New Sydenham Society. p. 69.
28. "Orr's Circle of the Sciences: A Series of Treatises on the Principles of ...". Internet Archive.
29. William Somerville Orr (1856). Orr's Circle of the Sciences: Mechanical philosophy. W. S. Orr and Company.

External links

• William Somerville Orr, Online Books page