William Stukeley

William Stukeley
Portrait of Stukeley attributed to Richard Collins
Born	7 November 1687 Holbeach, Lincolnshire
Died	3 March 1765 (aged 77)
Nationality	English & British
Fields	Archaeology
Alma mater	Corpus Christi College, Cambridge
Known for	Stonehenge Avebury Isaac Newton biography Stukeley Plesiosaur

William Stukeley FRS, FRCP, FSA (7 November 1687 – 3 March 1765) was an Anglican clergyman and English antiquarian who pioneered the archaeological investigation of the prehistoric monuments of Stonehenge and Avebury. He was friends with Isaac Newton and was among Newton's first biographers. Stukeley was also involved with Freemasonry and instrumental in British scholarship's acceptance of Charles Bertram's forged Description of Britain. Despite his Anglican faith and church offices, he was ordained as a "druid" and was a leading figure in Neo-Druidry. Nonetheless, he has been remembered as "probably... the most important of the early forerunners of the discipline of archaeology"^[1] for his habit of going out personally to examine and explore ancient sites.

Life and work

William Stukeley was the son of a lawyer at Holbeach in Lincolnshire on the site of Stukeley Hall, a primary school that now bears his name. After taking his M.B. degree at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge,^[2] Stukeley went to London and studied medicine at St Thomas' Hospital. In 1710, he started in practice in Boston, Lincolnshire, becoming a member of Spalding Gentlemen's Society (founded by his friend Maurice Johnson II), before returning in 1717 to London. In the same year, he became a Fellow of the Royal Society and, in 1718, joined in the establishment of the Society of Antiquaries, acting for nine years as its secretary. In 1719 Stukeley took his M.D. degree, and in 1720 became a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians, publishing in the same year his first contribution to antiquarian literature.

Stukeley was one of the first learned gentlemen to be attracted to speculative Freemasonry, newly fashionable after the appointment of the first noble Grand Master. His Diary and Commonplace Book of 6 June 1721 says "I was made a Freemason at the Salutation Tav., Tavistock Street, with Mr. Collins, Capt. Rowe, who made the famous diving Engine."^[3] The same entry says he was the first person for many years who had been so made in London; there was great difficulty in finding sufficient members to perform the Ceremony; and immediately thereafter "Freemasonry took a run and ran itself out of breath through the folly of its members." His diary and papers are among the earliest sources on the subject of the new Grand Lodge.

An inward view of Stonehenge from August 1722^[4]

Stukeley's principal works, elaborate accounts of Stonehenge and Avebury, appeared in 1740 and 1743. These were supposed to be the first of a multi-volume universal history. Stukeley proposed that an ancient patriarchial religion was the original religion of mankind. This had subsequently degenerated as idol-worship had emerged. Stukeley believed that the Druids and the early Christians were examples of this religion.^[5] He wrote copiously on other supposed Druid remains, becoming familiarly known as the "Arch-Druid." Stukeley's work on Stonehenge was one of the first to attempt to date the monument.^[6] Working with the renowned astronomer Edmund Halley, he proposed that the builders of Stonehenge knew about magnetism, and had aligned the monument with magnetic north. Stukeley used some incomplete data about the variation of the North Magnetic Pole; he extrapolated that it oscillated in a regular pattern. Today it is known that the North Magnetic Pole wanders in an irregular fashion. However, Stukeley inferred that Stonehenge was completed in 460 B.C., which as we now know is several thousand years too late.

Stukeley's drawings such as this 1722 prospect of Kit's Coty House have provided valuable information on monuments since damaged

In 1729 he took Holy Orders. He became a priest in the Church of England. He went on to hold two livings in Lincolnshire, including that of the parish of All Saints, Stamford (1730–1747), where he did a considerable amount of further research, not least on the town's lost Eleanor Cross. In 1742 he visited the Royston Cave at Royston, Hertfordshire and a year later he published his Palaeographia Britannica or discourses on Antiquities in Britain no.I, Origines Roystonianae, or an account of the Oratory of lady Roisia, Foundress of Royston discovered in Royston in August 1742. Following a response by the Reverend Charles Parkin he penned the sequel: Palaeographia Britannica or discourses on Antiquities in Britain no.II, or defence of Lady de Vere, Foundress of Roiston, against the Calumny of Mr. Parkin, rector of Oxburgh wherein his pretended answer is fully refuted: the former opinion further confirm'd and illustrated. To which are occasionally added, many curios matters in antiquity.

He was subsequently appointed rector, in 1747, of St George the Martyr, Queen Square, a parish in Bloomsbury, London (1747–1765).^[7] While there, he carried on a correspondence with Charles Bertram, which ultimately led to the acceptance of the forged Description of Britain as a leading source on Roman Britain for over a century.

A 1721 view of Gloucester Blackfriars by Stukeley.

Stukeley was a friend of Isaac Newton and wrote a memoir of his life in 1752. This is one of the earliest sources for the story of the falling apple that inspired Newton's formulation of the theory of gravitation.^[8]

Following a stroke, he died in his rectory on 3 March 1765.^[7]

For many years a literary and historical body called the Brasenose Society flourished at Stamford School (attended by his father and brother) which was named after the eponymous society founded by Stukeley while Vicar of All Saints, Stamford. A street in London's Covent Garden district, near the intersection of High Holborn and Drury Lane, is named after him.

References

1. Hutton, Ronald (2009). Blood and Mistletoe: The History of the Druids in Britain. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0300144857 p. 86.
2. "Stukeley, William (STKY703W)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.
3. Stukeley, William (1980). The Commentarys, Diary, & Common-Place Book of William Stukeley & Selected Letters. London: Doppler Press. p. 54.
4. Stukeley, William (1740). Stonehenge, A Temple Restor'd to the British Druids. London: W. Innnys and R. Maney. Retrieved 9 April 2008.
5. Source: Stonehenge, a Temple Restor'd, by Stukeley.
6. Hawkins, Gerald S. (1965). Stonehenge Decoded.
7. David Boyd Haycock, 'Stukeley, William (1687–1765)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004
8. "Newton's apple: The real story". New Scientist. 18 January 2010. Retrieved 30 November 2012.

Sources

•  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "^{article name needed}". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.

Further reading

• Burl, Aubrey; Mortimer, Neil, eds. (2005). Stukeley's Stonehenge: An Unpublished Manuscript 1721–1724. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-09895-2.
• Gjertsen, Derek (1986). The Newton Handbook. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. ISBN 0-7102-0279-2.- For details on Stukeley and Isaac Newton
• Haycock, David Boyd (2002). William Stukeley: Science, Religion and Archaeology in Eighteenth-century England. Boydell Press. ISBN 0-85115-864-1.
• Mortimer, Neil (2003). Stukeley Illustrated: William Stukeley's Rediscovery of Britain's Ancient Sites. Green Magic. ISBN 0-9542963-3-8.
• Piggot, Stuart (1985). William Stukeley: An Eighteenth-Century Antiquary. New York: Thames and Hudson. ISBN 0-500-01360-8.
• Stukeley, William; Gale, Roger; Gale, Samuel (1887). The Family Memoirs of the Rev. William Stukeley, M.D. III. London: Andrews and Company.

External links

• Stukeley, William (1750). The Philosophy of Earthquakes, Natural and Religious, Or, An Inquiry into their Cause and their Purpose. London: C. Corbet. Retrieved 9 April 2008.
• Stonehenge, a Temple Restor'd to the British Druids, by William Stukeley
• Text and engravings of Stukeley's Avebury survey online
• Bronze Medal of William Stukeley at the British Museum
• The text of William Stukeley's Memoirs of Sir Isaac Newton's Life (1752) at the Newton Project, University of Sussex, UK.
• The manuscript of William Stukeley's Memoirs of Sir Isaac Newton's life (1752) at the Royal Society
• Account given to the royal society of the Plesiosaur discovery (1719).