William Whipper

William Whipper (February 22, 1804 – March 9, 1876) was an African-American abolitionist. Whipper was a successful businessman who played a key role in the antislavery movement as a reformer. He advocated nonviolence and co-founded the American Moral Reform Society, an early African-American abolitionist organization. William Whipper epitomized the unique prosperity that Northern Blacks were able to attain in the mid-19th century.

Early life

Born February 22, 1804, in Drumore Township, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, to an African-American house slave and her white owner, William had three siblings, Alfred, Benjamin and Mary Ann.

After moving to Philadelphia in the 1820s, he began focusing his energies on his business pursuits. In 1834 he opened a free labor and temperance grocery store. His support of the temperance movement was motivated by liquor's destructive effect on Africa and the belief that alcohol consumption was a contributing factor for Africans selling their own people into slavery.[1] In conjunction with his support for the temperance movement, Whipper began actively participating in the antislavery movement as well.

Business career

Portrait of William Whipper

In 1835 Whipper relocated to Columbia, Pennsylvania, with fellow black entrepreneur Stephen Smith.[2] The pair created one of the state’s premier lumberyards and accrued substantial wealth demonstrating the benefits of northern freedom. Whipper used his newfound wealth to further his personal fight for moral reform and abolition. He utilized his assets to the benefit of the antislavery movement by helping runaway slaves escape to the north.[3] His sister Mary Ann married James Hollensworth and settled in Dresden, Ontario, Canada, a final destination on the Underground Railroad. Mary Ann and James were the overseers of William Whipper's investments in Dresden. William Whipper operated a major Underground Railroad station and provided shelter for slaves primarily from Virginia and Maryland, moving them in part in the railroad cars he owned.

Ideology and contributions to the abolitionist and antislavery movement

Whipper’s ideology regarding antislavery was unique and complex. One of his main tenets rested in moral reform. Moral reform refers to the idea that the abolitionist movement "served as a check on the evil dispositions of blacks and inculcated moral principles.[4]

Initially Whipper believed that white prejudice against Black Americans stemmed from the condition in which blacks found themselves, not just the color of their skin.[5] In order to overcome their condition, Whipper stipulated that "blacks had to improve their mental, economic, and moral situations.[6] By making such improvements, blacks would seemingly conform to white standards of living, making social acceptance more attainable.

Another key component of Whipper’s ideology was rooted in idea of nonviolence and rational persuasion. At the age of 24, Whipper published his famous essay "An Address on Non-Resistance to Offensive Aggression". This address suggested that nonviolent means of moral righteousness were necessary to encourage a peaceful political movement towards change. This address has been a considered a precursor to what would become some of the same nonviolent strategies followed during later civil rights movements.

Furthermore, Whipper demonstrated his dedication to the notion of moral reform via the creation of the American Moral Reform Society. In 1835 he attended the annual convention of the Improvement of Free People of Color. He urged delegates to adopt a resolution, which ended the usage of the word "colored".[7] Because of his persistence, the delegates decided to organize a society that would have no racial boundaries. The convention gave birth to the American Moral Reform Society, and gave Whipper credit as a founding father. The American Moral Reform Society attempted to promote general aims such as educating blacks, establishing a black press, and printing histories of the blacks.[8]

Family

William Whipper married the sister of his business partner Stephen Smith, Harriet Smith (1818–1906) of Columbia, Pennsylvania. A daughter, born in 1837, appears to have died in infancy.[9]

He raised a nephew, James Whipper Purnell, as his son. He taught him the lumber business as well as the inner workings of the Underground Railroad. He later became a lumber merchant in Chatham, Ontario, and was also secretary to Martin R. Delany while he was planning his back-to-African expedition. James W. Purnell was also a member of the John Brown convention held in Chatham.[9]

James Whipper Purnell married Julia Ann Shadd, a cousin of Mary Ann Shadd Cary, in 1864. Their son, Dr. William Whipper Purnell, was a practicing physician in Washington, D.C., and later Oakland, California. Dr. Purnell, a graduate of Howard University School of Medicine, served in the United States Army during the Spanish–American War and the Philippine Insurrection.[10] William Whipper Purnell married Theodora Lee of Chicago, Illinois, granddaughter of John Jones, a tailor, businessman and, before the Civil War, a well known abolitionist. They had one son, Lee Julian Purnell (1896–1983), who was one of the first African Americans to graduate from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; he took a degree in Electrical Engineering. He later had a successful engineering practice in Washington, D.C. and was the dean of the engineering department at Howard University for 20 years. His son Lee Julian Purnell, Jr. was an electrician and building contractor who, in 1983, survived a 100-foot fall down an elevator shaft at the Forest Glen Station of the D.C. Metro.[11]

African-American educator, author and activist Frances Rollin Whipper was married to Whipper's nephew, attorney William J. Whipper. Actor Leigh Whipper was her son.

References

  1. ↑ Locke, Mamie E. "Whipper". American National Biography Online. Retrieved 2008-02-05. (registration required (help)).
  2. ↑ Lancaster County Historical Society (1896). "Historical papers and addresses of the Lancaster County". 26-27.
  3. ↑ Still, William (1872). The Underground Railroad. Philadelphia: Porter & Coates. pp. 735–740. ISBN 1849029628.
  4. ↑ Bell, Howard H. (Winter 1958). "The American Moral Reform Society 1836-1841". The Journal of Negro Education 27 (1).
  5. ↑ Zimmerman, David. "William Whipper and the Black Abolitionist Tradition". Millersville University. Archived from the original on 2011-07-20.
  6. ↑ Foner, Philip Sheldon (1983). History of Black Americans, From the Emergence of the Cotton Kingdom to the Eve of the Compromise of 1850. ISBN 978-0-8371-7966-7.
  7. ↑ Gordon, Dexter B. (1983). Black Identity: Rhetoric, Ideology, and Nineteenth-Century Black Nationalism. Southern Illinois University. ISBN 978-0809327355.
  8. ↑ "William Whipper, A Thoughtful Abolitionist". African American Registry. Retrieved 2013-09-20.
  9. 1 2 "The Whipper Family". Chatham, Ontario: Chatham-Kent Black Historical Society.
  10. ↑ Beasley, Delilah L. (1919) The Negro Trail-Blazers of California, 300
  11. ↑ Levy, Claudia (2013) "Lee J. Purnell, Jr., Electrician, dies at 74," Washington Post, August 6, 2013

External links

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