Williams pear

The Williams pear. An 1822 print from the Horticultural Society of London.

The Williams' bon chrétien pear, commonly called the Williams pear or the Bartlett pear in the United States and Canada, is the most commonly grown variety of pear in most countries outside Asia.

It is a cultivar (cultivated variety) of the species Pyrus communis, commonly known as the European Pear. The fruit has a bell shape, considered the traditional pear shape in the west, and its green skin turns yellow upon later ripening, although red-skinned derivative varieties exist. It is considered a summer pear, not as tolerant of cold as some varieties. It is often eaten raw, but holds its shape well when baked, and is a common choice for canned or other processed pear uses.

History

Bartlett pear, from The Pears of New York (1921) by Ulysses Prentiss Hedrick

The origins of this variety are uncertain. "Bon Chrétien" (Good Christian) is named after Francis of Paola, a holy man whom King Louis XI of France had called to his deathbed as a healer in 1483. Francis offered the king a pear seed from his native Calabria with instructions to plant and care. Hence the pear tree was called "Good Christian". The Williams pear is thought to date from 1765 to 1770 from the yard of an Aldermaston, England, schoolmaster named Mr. Stair or Mr. Wheeler, giving rise to the now-obscure synonyms Aldermaston pear and Stairs pear. A nurseryman named Williams later acquired the variety, and after introducing it to the rest of England, the pear became known as the Williams Pear.^[1] However, the pear's full name is Williams' Bon Chretien, or "Williams' good Christian."^[1]

In 1799 James Carter imported several Williams trees into the United States, and they were planted on the grounds of Thomas Brewer in Roxbury, Massachusetts.^[1] The Massachusetts estate was later acquired by Enoch Bartlett of Dorchester, Massachusetts. Unaware of their origin, Bartlett named the pears after himself and introduced the variety into the United States. It was not realised that Bartlett and Williams Pears were the same until 1828, when new trees arrived from Europe.^[1] By that time the Bartlett variety had become vastly popular in the United States, and they are still generally known as Bartlett pears in the US and Canada, although there are about 150 other synonyms worldwide.^[2]

Physical description

French red and green varieties

The pear exhibits a pyriform "pear shape," with a rounded bell on the bottom half of the fruit, and then a definite shoulder with a smaller neck or stem end.^[1] Williams are aromatic pears, and have what many consider the definitive "pear flavor".^[1] Colors of the pear vary from green (when unripe), to yellow (ripe) and red. Red Bartletts or Williams are very similar to the traditional Williams, aside from ripening to a reddish color rather than a yellow color. Red-skinned mutant clones (i.e. "sports") of the Williams are increasing in popularity, including three major varieties in the US: the Max Red Bartlett, the Sensation Red Bartlett, and the Rosired Bartlett. One study of several macrosatellite loci in 63 European Pear (Pyrus communis L.) cultivars did not distinguish Max Red Bartlett and Sensation Red Bartlett from the standard Williams, which was expected since the red mutants were derived from the Williams by mutation.^[3] Dozens of other cultivars and hybrids have been created from Williams, created for properties like cold resistance, ripening time, skin coloration, and grafting compatibility.^[4]

Best when picked with the internal pressure of the pear is between 18 psi (120 kPa) and 16 psi (110 kPa), the pear should still be green and relatively hard when picked. Optimum conditions for ripening are in dry shady areas, and ripening usually takes 7 to 10 days from when the pear was picked. As the pear ripens the color will slowly change to a soft yellow and the pear will soften. Commercially produced pears are normally picked and shipped to the stores while green.^[5]

Tree

Pear trees are usually productive for 50 to 75 years though some still produce fruit after 100 years.^[5]

Height: 15–20 ft with slightly less spread.
Flowers: White flowers grouped in a corymb.
Blooming Time: April – May.
Fruit & Seeds: Large, golden yellow skin, brownish red blush, classic shape with smooth, white flesh. Harvest from mid-August to mid-September (Northern Hemisphere).
Leaves: The leaves are simple, glossy green leaves that alternate on the twig. They grow up to 3" long, are thick with slight midrib curves folding the edges inwards. They have fine teeth on the margin.
Elevation: 1000 – 5000 Feet.
Habitat: Orchards and landscaping.^[5]

Production and uses

Brandy

US Pear production

In 1985, this variety represented 80% of US pear production while in 2004 it represented 50% of reported pear production, displaced primarily by the continuing growth of d'Anjou and Bosc pears, both winter pears more tolerant of cold than the Bartlett.^[2][6]

While more pears are sold fresh in the US than processed, Bartlett pears are the primary choice for canned halves, puree, and most pear juice and nectar in the US, comprising about two-thirds of Bartlett production. Bartletts are traditionally known as the canning pear due to their "definitive flavor and sweetness," making them well-suited for many forms of processing.^[1]

Named mutants

Several "sports" or mutants of the Williams pear have received United States plant patents:

Date	Originator	Market Name	Mutated From	Assignee	Habit	Flavor	Texture	Color	Plant Patent Number
1 Jul 1947	Moritz	Max-Red Bartlett	Bartlett	MacKelvie	standard	sweeter	finer	red	US plant patent 741
27 Dec 1977	Crisafulli		Bartlett		semi-dwarf	good		red blush	US plant patent 4169
14 Apr 1998	Biehn	Cinnamon	Bartlett		standard	sweeter		russet	US plant patent 10325
26 Feb 2008	Lowry	Carolina Gold	Bartlett	Associated Fruit	standard	more tart		russet	US plant patent 18515

Offspring

For several decades, the Williams pear has been used actively as a parent in the production of new varieties:

Date	Originator	Marketed	Parent	Other Parent	Plant Patent Number
27 Aug 1974	Griggs	California	Max Red Bartlett^741	Comice	US plant patent 3599
9 Aug 1988	Reimer	Reimer	Max Red Bartlett^741	Comice	US plant patent 6245
30 Jan 2007	White	Prem2P	Max Red Bartlett^741	Nijisseiki	US plant patent 17387
17 Apr 2007	Hart	Prem1P	Max Red Bartlett^741	Nijisseiki	US plant patent 17624

Poire Williams

The Williams pear is used in making Poire Williams, a colourless brandy.

Notes

1. USA Pears. (2008). . (website). Yellow Bartlett Pears.
2. Janick, Jules. (2000.) Classic Papers in Horticultural Science. The Blackburn Press, "Introductory essay by Jules Janick", page 404. Retrieved on 3 October 2007
3. Wünscha, A., and I. Hormaza. (5 June 2007). "Characterization of variability and genetic similarity of European pear using microsatellite loci developed in apple". Scientia Horticulturae, vol. 113 (1), pp. 37–43, doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2007.02.002. Retrieved on 3 October 2007.
4. National Clonal Germplasm Repository. " NCGR-Corvallis Pyrus Catalog". (Website). Germ Resources Information Network (GRIN). Retrieved on 2 October 2007.
5. Delange.(2007). . (website). Bartlett Pear.
6. U.S. Department of Agriculture. (September 2004.) "Pyrus Crop Germplasm Committee: Report and genetic vulnerability statement, September 2004". (Website.) Germ Resources Information Network (GRIN), page 5. Retrieved on 2 October 2007.