Wilson's warbler

Wilson's warbler
Small greenish bird with yellow face and black cap, perched on a diagonal branch
Adult male
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Parulidae
Genus: Cardellina
Species: C. pusilla
Binomial name
Cardellina pusilla
(Wilson, 1811)
Range of C. pusilla      Breeding range     Wintering range
Synonyms

Wilsonia pusilla

The Wilson's warbler (Cardellina pusilla) is a small New World warbler. It is greenish above and yellow below, with rounded wings and a long, slim tail. The male has a black crown patch; depending on the subspecies, that mark is reduced or absent in the female. It breeds across Canada and south through the western United States, and winters from Mexico south through much of Central America. It is a very rare vagrant to western Europe.

Description

The Wilson's warbler is a small passerine, ranging from 10 to 12 cm (3.9 to 4.7 in) in length, with a wingspan of 14–17 cm (5.5–6.7 in) and a mass of 5–10 g (0.18–0.35 oz).[2] It has a plain green-brown back and yellow underparts. The male has a small black cap. Males of the western race W. p. chryseola are greener above and brighter than males of the eastern, nominate race. Individuals from Alaska and the west-central portion of the species' range average slightly larger than those found in eastern and Pacific coastal populations.[2]

Voice

Wilson's warbler song recorded in Minnesota, in mid-May

Its song is a chattering series of loud descending notes. The call is a flat "chuff".[3]

Taxonomy and etymology

The Wilson's warbler was first described in 1811 by the ornithologist Alexander Wilson, who placed it in the genus Muscicapa. The species was moved to Wilsonia by the naturalist and ornithologist Charles Lucien Bonaparte in 1838. Zoologist Thomas Nuttall moved it to Sylvania in 1840, and by 1845, many authors included it in Myiodioctes. In 1899, the American Ornithological Union returned the species to Wilsonia.[4] The species is currently assigned to the genus Cardellina.[5] The specific epithet pusilla means "small."

There are three recognized subspecies:

The chryseola subspecies, which nests in northern coastal California to southwestern coastal Canada, has a distinctive orange-tinged yellow forehead. The population of the subspecies has declined sharply in the 21st century because it migrates preferentially to the southern end of the Baja Peninsula in Mexico,[7] where luxury resort and residential developments have replaced the bird's habitat.[8]

The Wilson's warbler resembles the yellow warbler: the latter is readily distinguished by its different shape, yellow wing markings, and yellow tail spots.[9]

Range and habitat

The breeding habitat is fairly open woodland with undergrowth or shrubs and thickets in moist areas with streams, ponds, bogs, and wet clearings.[3] Wilson's warbler breeds in northern Canada and the western US; it winters in overgrown clearings and coffee plantations,[3] forest edges, deciduous forests, tropical evergreens, pine-oak forests, mangroves, thorn-scrub, riparian gallery forests, brushy fields, and mixed forests . At all seasons, it prefers secondary growth, riparian habitats, lakes, montane and boreal forests with overgrown clearcuts. It is a very rare vagrant to Western Europe.[2]

Behavior

Feeding

Wilson's warbler is an insectivore, feeding primarily on insects gleaned from leaves and twigs, or caught by flycatching.[10] Some of these insects include beetles, bees, or caterpillars. The Wilson's warbler is an active forager, moving rapidly through shrubs, on the ground, and sometimes in taller trees during the winter.[3] Feeding birds often twitch their tails or flick their wings nervously.[11] The observed feeding rate of the male Wilson's warbler was not significantly different between males with or without mates.[12] It also eats a few berries.[2]

Breeding

Nesting generally begins in early March in west coast populations, and extends into August in the northern range.[3] The female does the majority of the nest building.

The cup nest is typically constructed of vegetation and lined with grasses and hair. It is often sunken into moss or sedges at the base of shrubs.[3] The clutch varies from 2 to 7 eggs, which are creamy or off-white with fine reddish spots. The young are altricial.[2] The montane populations generally have a higher clutch size and nest success rate than those on the coast.[3] The eggs hatch at 11–15 days and the young fledge at 8–13 days; adults care for them for several weeks.

Some montane populations are polygamous (one male breeds with multiple females).[3]

Wilson's warbler is a frequent host for the brown-headed cowbird.[3]

References

  1. ↑ BirdLife International (2012). "Wilsonia pusilla". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 17 April 2014.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 "All About Birds: Wilson's Warbler Life History". Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology. Retrieved 4 December 2009.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 http://www.borealbirds.org/birdguide/bd0387_species.shtml
  4. ↑ Barrows, Walter Bradford (1912). Michigan Bird Life. East Lansing: Michigan Agricultural College. p. 685.
  5. ↑ "Fifty-second supplement to the american ornithologists' union check-list of north american birds". The Auk 128 (3): 600–613. 2011. doi:10.1525/auk.2011.128.3.600. Retrieved 30 September 2015.
  6. 1 2 3 "ITIS Report: Wilsonia". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 21 May 2010.
  7. ↑ Rundel, Colin W.; Wunder, Michael B.; Alvarado, Allison H.; Ruegg, Kristen C.; Harrigan, Ryan; Schuh, Andrew; Kelly, Jeffrey F.; Siegel, Rodney B.; Desante, David F.; Smith, Thomas B.; Novembre, John (2013). "Novel statistical methods for integrating genetic and stable isotope data to infer individual-level migratory connectivity". Molecular Ecology 22 (16): 4163–76. doi:10.1111/mec.12393. PMID 23906339.
  8. ↑ Graham, Rex (2013). "Ornithologists discover why Wilson’s Warbler subspecies vanishing". birdsnews.com.
  9. ↑ Semenchuk, Glen Peter (1992). The Atlas of Breeding Birds of Alberta. Nature Alberta. p. 249. ISBN 978-0-9696134-0-4. Retrieved 23 November 2011.
  10. ↑ Curson, Jon; Quinn, David; Beadle, David (1994). New World Warblers. Christopher Helm. pp. 188–189. ISBN 0-7136-3932-6.
  11. ↑ Benedict, Audrey DeLella (2008). The Naturalist's Guide to the Southern Rockies. pp. 431. ISBN 1-55591-535-3
  12. ↑ Gowaty, P.A. (1996). Field studies of parental care in birds: New data focus questions on variation among females. Advance in the Study of Behavior, 25. 477-531.

External links

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