Wilson prime

Wilson prime
Named after	John Wilson
Publication year	1938^[1]
Author of publication	Emma Lehmer
Number of known terms	3
First terms	5, 13, 563
Largest known term	563
OEIS index	A007540

A Wilson prime, named after English mathematician John Wilson, is a prime number p such that p² divides (p − 1)! + 1, where "!" denotes the factorial function; compare this with Wilson's theorem, which states that every prime p divides (p − 1)! + 1.

The only known Wilson primes are 5, 13, and 563 (sequence A007540 in OEIS); if any others exist, they must be greater than 2×10¹³.^[2] It has been conjectured that infinitely many Wilson primes exist, and that the number of Wilson primes in an interval [x, y] is about log(log(y)/log(x)).^[3]

Several computer searches have been done in the hope of finding new Wilson primes.^[4]^[5]^[6] The Ibercivis distributed computing project includes a search for Wilson primes.^[7] Another search is coordinated at the mersenneforum.^[8]

Generalizations

Wilson primes of order $n$

Wilson's theorem can be expressed in general as $(n-1)!(p-n)!\equiv(-1)^n\ \bmod p$ for every integer $n \ge 1$ and prime $p \ge n$ . Generalized Wilson primes of order $n$ are the primes $p$ such that $p^2$ divides $(n-1)!(p-n)! - (-1)^n$ .

It was conjectured that for every natural number $n$ , there are infinitely many Wilson primes of order $n$ .

$n$	prime $p$ such that $p^2$ divides $(n-1)!(p-n)! - (-1)^n$ (checked up to 10000)	OEIS sequence
1	5, 13, 563, ...	A007540
2	2, 3, 11, 107, 4931, ...	A079853
3	7, ...
4	10429, ...
5	5, 7, 47, ...
6	11, ...
7	17, ...
8	...
9	541, ...
10	11, 1109, ...
11	17, 2713, ...
12	...
13	13, ...
14	...
15	349, ...
16	31, ...
17	61, 251, 479, ...	A152413
18	13151527, ...
19	71, ...
20	59, 499, ...
21	217369, ...
22	...
23	...
24	47, 3163, ...
25	...
26	97579, ...
27	53, ...
28	347, ...
29	...
30	137, 1109, 5179, ...

Least generalized Wilson prime of order n are

5, 2, 7, 10429, 5, 11, 17, ... (The next term > 1.4×10⁷) (sequence A128666 in OEIS)

Near-Wilson primes

$p$	$B$
1282279	+20
1306817	−30
1308491	−55
1433813	−32
1638347	−45
1640147	−88
1647931	+14
1666403	+99
1750901	+34
1851953	−50
2031053	−18
2278343	+21
2313083	+15
2695933	−73
3640753	+69
3677071	−32
3764437	−99
3958621	+75
5062469	+39
5063803	+40
6331519	+91
6706067	+45
7392257	+40
8315831	+3
8871167	−85
9278443	−75
9615329	+27
9756727	+23
10746881	−7
11465149	−62
11512541	−26
11892977	−7
12632117	−27
12893203	−53
14296621	+2
16711069	+95
16738091	+58
17879887	+63
19344553	−93
19365641	+75
20951477	+25
20972977	+58
21561013	−90
23818681	+23
27783521	−51
27812887	+21
29085907	+9
29327513	+13
30959321	+24
33187157	+60
33968041	+12
39198017	−7
45920923	−63
51802061	+4
53188379	−54
56151923	−1
57526411	−66
64197799	+13
72818227	−27
87467099	−2
91926437	−32
92191909	+94
93445061	−30
93559087	−3
94510219	−69
101710369	−70
111310567	+22
117385529	−43
176779259	+56
212911781	−92
216331463	−36
253512533	+25
282361201	+24
327357841	−62
411237857	−84
479163953	−50
757362197	−28
824846833	+60
866006431	−81
1227886151	−51
1527857939	−19
1636804231	+64
1686290297	+18
1767839071	+8
1913042311	−65
1987272877	+5
2100839597	−34
2312420701	−78
2476913683	+94
3542985241	−74
4036677373	−5
4271431471	+83
4296847931	+41
5087988391	+51
5127702389	+50
7973760941	+76
9965682053	−18
10242692519	−97
11355061259	−45
11774118061	−1
12896325149	+86
13286279999	+52
20042556601	+27
21950810731	+93
23607097193	+97
24664241321	+46
28737804211	−58
35525054743	+26
41659815553	+55
42647052491	+10
44034466379	+39
60373446719	−48
64643245189	−21
66966581777	+91
67133912011	+9
80248324571	+46
80908082573	−20
100660783343	+87
112825721339	+70
231939720421	+41
258818504023	+4
260584487287	−52
265784418461	−78
298114694431	+82

A prime p satisfying the congruence $(p - 1)! \equiv - 1 + Bp mod p 2$ with small $| B |$ can be called a near-Wilson prime. Near-Wilson primes with $B = 0$ represent Wilson primes. The following table lists all such primes with $| B | \leq 100$ from 10⁶ up to 4×10¹¹:^[2]

Wilson numbers

A Wilson number is a natural number n such that W(n) ≡ 0 (mod n²), where $W(n) = \prod_\stackrel{1 \le k \le n}{\gcd(k,n)=1}{k}+e$ , the constant e = 1 if and only if n have a primitive root, otherwise, e = -1^[9] For every natural number n, W(n) is divisible by n, and the quotients (called generalized Wilson quotients) are listed in A157249. The Wilson numbers are

1, 5, 13, 563, 5971, 558771, 1964215, 8121909, 12326713, 23025711, 26921605, 341569806, 399292158, ... (sequence A157250 in OEIS)

If a Wilson number n is prime, then n is a Wilson prime. There are 13 Wilson numbers up to 5×10⁸.^[10]

Notes

↑ Lehmer, Emma (April 1938). "On congruences involving Bernoulli numbers and the quotients of Fermat and Wilson" (PDF). Annals of Mathematics 39 (2): 350–360. doi:10.2307/1968791. Retrieved 8 March 2011.
1 2 A Search for Wilson primes Retrieved on November 2, 2012.
↑ The Prime Glossary: Wilson prime
↑ McIntosh, R. (9 March 2004). "WILSON STATUS (Feb. 1999)". E-Mail to Paul Zimmermann. Retrieved 6 June 2011.
↑ A search for Wieferich and Wilson primes, p 443
↑ Ribenboim, P.; Keller, W. (2006). Die Welt der Primzahlen: Geheimnisse und Rekorde (in German). Berlin Heidelberg New York: Springer. p. 241. ISBN 3-540-34283-4.
↑ Ibercivis site
↑ Distributed search for Wilson primes (at mersenneforum.org)
↑ see Gauss's generalization of Wilson's theorem
↑ Agoh, Takashi; Dilcher, Karl; Skula, Ladislav (1998). "Wilson quotients for composite moduli" (PDF). Math. Comput. 67 (222): 843–861. doi:10.1090/S0025-5718-98-00951-X.

References

Beeger, N. G. W. H. (1913–1914). "Quelques remarques sur les congruences r^p−1 ≡ 1 (mod p²) et (p − 1!) ≡ −1 (mod p²)". The Messenger of Mathematics 43: 72–84.
Goldberg, Karl (1953). "A table of Wilson quotients and the third Wilson prime". J. London Math. Soc. 28 (2): 252–256. doi:10.1112/jlms/s1-28.2.252.
Ribenboim, Paulo (1996). The new book of prime number records. Springer-Verlag. p. 346. ISBN 0-387-94457-5.
Crandall, Richard E.; Dilcher, Karl; Pomerance, Carl (1997). "A search for Wieferich and Wilson primes". Math. Comput. 66 (217): 433–449. doi:10.1090/S0025-5718-97-00791-6.
Crandall, Richard E.; Pomerance, Carl (2001). Prime Numbers: A Computational Perspective. Springer-Verlag. p. 29. ISBN 0-387-94777-9.
Pearson, Erna H. (1963). "On the Congruences (p − 1)! ≡ −1 and 2^p−1 ≡ 1 (mod p²)" (PDF). Math. Comput. 17: 194–195.

External links

The Prime Glossary: Wilson prime
Weisstein, Eric W., "Wilson prime", MathWorld.
Status of the search for Wilson primes
"Wilson Quotients for composite moduli". CiteSeerX: 10.1.1.102.6544.
On congruences involving Bernoulli numbers and the quotients of Fermat and Wilson

Prime number classes

By formula	Fermat (2^2ⁿ + 1) Mersenne (2^p − 1) Double Mersenne (2^{2^p−1} − 1) Wagstaff (2^p + 1)/3 Proth (k·2ⁿ + 1) Factorial (n! ± 1) Primorial (p_n# ± 1) Euclid (p_n# + 1) Pythagorean (4n + 1) Pierpont (2^u·3^v + 1) Quartan (x⁴ + y⁴) Solinas (2^a ± 2^b ± 1) Cullen (n·2ⁿ + 1) Woodall (n·2ⁿ − 1) Cuban (x³ − y³)/(x − y) Carol (2ⁿ − 1)² − 2 Kynea (2ⁿ + 1)² − 2 Leyland (x^y + y^x) Thabit (3·2ⁿ − 1) Mills (floor(A^3ⁿ))

By integer sequence	Fibonacci Lucas Pell Newman–Shanks–Williams Perrin Partitions Bell Motzkin

By property	Wieferich (pair) Wall–Sun–Sun Wolstenholme Wilson Lucky Fortunate Ramanujan Pillai Regular Strong Stern Supersingular (elliptic curve) Supersingular (moonshine theory) Good Super Higgs Highly cototient

Base-dependent	Happy Dihedral Palindromic Emirp Repunit (10ⁿ − 1)/9 Permutable Circular Truncatable Strobogrammatic Minimal Weakly Full reptend Unique Primeval Self Smarandache–Wellin

Patterns	Twin (p, p + 2) Bi-twin chain (n − 1, n + 1, 2n − 1, 2n + 1, …) Triplet (p, p + 2 or p + 4, p + 6) Quadruplet (p, p + 2, p + 6, p + 8) k−Tuple Cousin (p, p + 4) Sexy (p, p + 6) Chen Sophie Germain (p, 2p + 1) Cunningham chain (p, 2p ± 1, …) Safe (p, (p − 1)/2) Arithmetic progression (p + a·n, n = 0, 1, …) Balanced (consecutive p − n, p, p + n)

By size	Titanic (1,000+ digits) Gigantic (10,000+) Mega (1,000,000+) Largest known

Complex numbers	Eisenstein prime Gaussian prime

Composite numbers	Pseudoprime Almost prime Semiprime Interprime

Related topics	Probable prime Industrial-grade prime Illegal prime Formula for primes Prime gap

First 100 primes	2 3 5 7 11 13 17 19 23 29 31 37 41 43 47 53 59 61 67 71 73 79 83 89 97 101 103 107 109 113 127 131 137 139 149 151 157 163 167 173 179 181 191 193 197 199 211 223 227 229 233 239 241 251 257 263 269 271 277 281 283 293 307 311 313 317 331 337 347 349 353 359 367 373 379 383 389 397 401 409 419 421 431 433 439 443 449 457 461 463 467 479 487 491 499 503 509 521 523 541

List of prime numbers

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