Wolf Prize in Medicine

The Wolf Prize in Medicine is awarded once a year by the Wolf Foundation in Israel.^[1] It is one of the six Wolf Prizes established by the Foundation and awarded since 1978; the others are in Agriculture, Chemistry, Mathematics, Physics and Arts. The Prize has been stated to be the second most prestigious award in science, and a significant predictor of the Nobel Prize.^[2]

Laureates^[3]

Year	Name	Nationality	Citation
1978	George D. Snell	United States	for discovery of H-2 antigens, which codes for major transplantation antigens and the onset of the immune response.
	Jean Dausset	France	for discovering the HL-A system, the major histocompatibility complex in man and its primordial role in organ transplantation.
	Jon J. van Rood	Netherlands	for his contribution to the understanding of the complexity of the HL-A system in man and its implications in transplantation and in disease.
1979	Roger Wolcott Sperry	United States	for his studies on the functional differentiation of the right and left hemispheres of the brain.
	Arvid Carlsson	Sweden	for his work which established the role of dopamine as a neurotransmitter.
	Oleh Hornykiewicz	Austria	for opening a new approach in the control of Parkinson's disease by L-Dopa.
1980	César Milstein Leo Sachs James L. Gowans	Argentina /  United Kingdom;  Israel;  United Kingdom	for their contributions to knowledge of the function and dysfunction of the body cells through their studies on the immunological role of the lymphocytes, the development of specific antibodies and the elucidation of mechanisms governing the control and differentiation of normal and cancer cells.
1981	Barbara McClintock	United States	for her imaginative and important contributions to our understanding of chromosome structure behaviour and function, and for her identification and description of transposable genetic (mobile) elements.
	Stanley N. Cohen	United States	for his concepts underlying genetic engineering; for constructing a biologically functional hybrid plasmid, and for achieving actual expression of a foreign gene implanted in E. coli by the recombinant DNA method.
1982	Jean-Pierre Changeux	France	for the isolation, purification and characterization of the acetylcholine receptor.
	Solomon H. Snyder	United States	for the development of the ways to label neurotransmitter receptors which provide tools to describe their properties.
	James W. Black	United Kingdom	for developing agents which block beta adrenergic and histamine receptors.
1983/4	No award
1984/5	Donald F. Steiner	United States	for his discoveries concerning the bio-synthesis and processing of insulin which have had profound implications for basic biology and clinical medicine.
1986	Osamu Hayaishi	Japan	for his discovery of the oxygenase enzymes and elucidation of their structure and biological importance.
1987	Pedro Cuatrecasas Meir Wilchek	United States  Israel	for the invention and development of affinity chromatography and its applications to biomedical sciences.
1988	Henri G. Hers Elizabeth F. Neufeld	Belgium  United States	for the biochemical elucidation of lysosomal storage diseases and the resulting contributions to biology, pathology, prenatal diagnosis and therapeutics.
1989	John Gurdon	United Kingdom	for his introduction of the xenopus oocyte into molecular biology and his demonstration that the nucleus of a differentiated cell and of the egg differ in expression but not in the content of genetic material.
	Edward B. Lewis	United States	for his demonstration and exploration of the genetic control of the development of body segments by homeotic genes.
1990	Maclyn McCarty	United States	for his part in the demonstration that the transforming factor in bacteria is due to deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and the concomitant discovery that the genetic material is composed of DNA.
1991	Seymour Benzer	United States	for having generated a new field of molecular neurogenetics by his pioneering research on the dissection of the nervous system and behavior by gene mutations.
1992	M. Judah Folkman	United States	for his discoveries which originated the concept and developed the field of angiogenesis research.
1993	No award
1994/5	Michael J. Berridge Yasutomi Nishizuka	United Kingdom  Japan	for their discoveries concerning cellular transmembrane signalling involving phospholipids and calcium.
1995/6	Stanley B. Prusiner	United States	for discovering prions, a new class of pathogens that cause important neurodegenerative disease by inducing changes in protein structure.
1997	Mary Frances Lyon	United Kingdom	for her hypothesis concerning the random inactivation of X-chromosomes in mammals.
1998	Michael Sela Ruth Arnon	Israel  Israel	for their major discoveries in the field of immunology.
1999	Eric R. Kandel	United States	for the elucidation of the organismic, cellular and molecular mechanisms whereby short-term memory is converted to a long-term form.
2000	No award
2001	Avram Hershko Alexander Varshavsky	Israel;  Russia /  United States	for the discovery of the ubiquitin system of intracellular protein degradation and the crucial functions of this system in cellular regulation.
2002/3	Ralph L. Brinster	United States	for the development of procedures to manipulate mouse ova and embryos, which has enabled transgenesis and its applications in mice.
	Mario Capecchi Oliver Smithies	Italy /  United States;  United Kingdom /  United States	for their contribution to the development of gene-targeting, enabling elucidation of gene function in mice.
2004	Robert A. Weinberg	United States	for his discovery that cancer cells including human tumor cells, carry somatically mutated genes-oncogenes that operate to drive their malignant proliferation.
	Roger Y. Tsien	United States	for his seminal contribution to the design and biological application of novel fluorescent and photolabile molecules to analyze and perturb cell signal transduction.
2005	Alexander Levitzki	Israel	for pioneering signal transduction therapy and for developing tyrosine kinase inhibitors as effective agents against cancer and a range of other diseases.
	Anthony R. Hunter	United Kingdom /  United States	for the discovery of protein kinases that phosphorylate tyrosine residues in proteins, critical for the regulation of a wide variety of cellular events, including malignant transformation.
	Anthony J. Pawson	United Kingdom /  Canada	for his discovery of protein domains essential for mediating protein-protein interactions in cellular signaling pathways, and the insights this research has provided into cancer.
2006/7	No award
2008	Howard Cedar Aharon Razin	Israel  Israel	for their fundamental contributions to our understanding of the role of DNA methylation in the control of gene expression.
2009	No award
2010	Axel Ullrich	Germany	for groundbreaking cancer research that has led to development of new drugs.
2011	Shinya Yamanaka Rudolf Jaenisch	Japan;  Germany /  United States	for the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells) from skin cells (SY) and demonstration that iPS cells can be used to cure genetic disease in a mammal, thus establishing their therapeutic potential (RJ).
2012	Ronald M. Evans	United States	for his discovery of the gene super-family encoding nuclear receptors and elucidating the mechanism of action of this class of receptors.
2013	No award
2014	Nahum Sonenberg	Israel /  Canada	for his discovery of the proteins that control the protein expression mechanism and their operation.
	Gary Ruvkun Victor Ambros	United States;  United States	for the discovery of the micro-RNA molecules that play a key role in controlling gene expression in natural processes and disease development.
2015	John Kappler Philippa Marrack	United States;  United States	for major contributions to the understanding of the key antigen-specific molecules, the T cell receptor for antigen and antibodies and how these molecules participate in immune recognition and effector function.
	Jeffrey Ravetch	United States
2016	C. Ronald Kahn	United States	for pioneering studies defining insulin signaling and its alterations in disease.
	Lewis C. Cantley	United States	for discovery of phosphoinositide- 3 kinases and their roles in physiology and disease.

Notes and references

1. Gurdon, John (2012). Wolf prize in medicine 1978-2008 1. Singapore: World Scientific. ISBN 978-981-4291-73-6.
2. Siegel-Itzkovich, Judy (January 29, 2015). "Wolf Prizes in the sciences and arts presented to nine North Americans". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 5 May 2016.
3. Wolf Prize Recipients in Medicine

External links

• "WOLF PRIZE IN MEDICINE 1978–2008".
• "Huffingtonpost Israel-Wolf-Prizes 2012". Huffington Post. 10 January 2012.
• "Jerusalempost Israel-Wolf-Prizes 2014".
• Wolf Prizes 2015
• Jerusalempost Israel-Wolf-Prizes 2016