Wrapper (clothing)

A group of women wearing a blouse and wrapper sets with head ties.

The wrapper, lappa, or pagne is a colorful women's garment widely worn in West Africa. It has formal and informal versions and varies from simple draped clothing to fully tailored ensembles. The formality of the wrapper depends on the fabric used to create it.

West African kaftan/boubou

In West Africa, a kaftan or caftan is a pull-over woman's robe.^[1] In French, this robe is called a boubou, pronounced boo-boo. The boubou is the traditional female attire in many West African countries including Senegal, Mali and other countries. The boubou can be formal or informal attire. The formality of the kaftan depends upon the fabric used to create it.

Yoruba iro

In Yorubaland, Nigeria the wrapper is common, called an iro in the Yoruba language, pronounced i-roh. The wrapper is usually worn with a matching headscarf or head tie that is called a gele in Yoruba, pronounced geh-leh.^[2] A full wrapper ensemble consists of three garments, a blouse, called a buba, pronounced boo-bah the iro and a headscarf called a head tie in English and a gele in Yoruba. Traditional male attire is called a dashiki. A wrapper takes metres of quality fabric. White wrapper sets are worn during wedding ceremonies.

Pagne

Pagne designates a certain cut (two by six yards) and type (single-sided "Fancy" or double-sided "wax" prints) of untailored cotton textile,^[3] especially in Francophone West and Central Africa.^[4] Enormously popular in much of tropical Africa, the pagne cloth's usage and patterns may be used to by convey by the wearer a number of social, economic—and sometimes even political—messages.^[5] It is similar—though distinct in size, expected pattern, and usage—to the Khanga, Kikoy or Chitenge of East and Southern Africa. From the pagne any number of garments may be created (the boubou, dresses, or western style suits) or it can be used untailored as a wrap, headtie, skirt, or tied as a sling for children or goods. The word pagne, likely derived from the Latin pannum, was a term introduced by merchants from the 16th Century and adopted by several African societies to identify often pre-existing textiles or garments distinct from a simple cloth. The Portuguese pano for cloth has become the French pagne (loincloth), Dutch paan, and others.^[6] It appears to have originally referred to East Asian textiles traded in East and West Africa, before becoming a term for a certain length (a yard, later two by six yards) of commercial printed cloth sold in coastal West Africa.^{[7][8][9][10]}

In the West

The wrapper gained popularity in the West following the black pride movement of the 1960s. It is enjoying a resurgence thanks to African immigration, and the formal wrapper is frequently worn at weddings, graduations and other special occasions.

In the UK and North America, a wrapper is also an older term for an informal house garment. Today, words such as housecoat and bathrobe (US) or dressing gown (UK) are usually employed instead.

Informal fabrics

A woman wearing a blouse and skirt set, right.

• Batik—created with hot wax and dye.
• Fancy print—created by printing patterns on cloth. Unlike expensive wax prints, the design is printed on one side of the cotton fabric. Fancy prints are made in Europe, India, and West Africa. The most popular fancy print is known as the traditional print.
• Kente—traditionally woven by men. Kente is an informal fabric for anyone who is not a member of the Akan people. For Akans and many Ewes, kente is a formal cloth.
• Mudcloth—created by making mud drawings on cotton.
• Tie-dye—made by resist tying cotton then dipping in dye. In Nigeria, tie-dye is known as adire cloth.

Formal fabrics

• Aso Oke fabric—Woven by men, see Yoruba people.
• Cotton brocade—most brocade is produced in Guinea. Brocade is a shiny and polished cotton fabric.
• George cloth—George cloth originated in India, where it was used to make saris. The fabric became popular among African royal and noble families. The Ijaw people ^[11] are known for their George wrappers.^[12]
• Lace—also known as shain-shain aso oke or air conditioner aso oke.
• Linen—linen kaftans are a formal style.
• Satin—satin fabrics are suitable for formal wear.^[13]
• African waxprints—traditional cloths in Africa. Most of them are printed in West Africa and China. Some African waxprints are made in the Netherlands, known as Dutch wax. In earlier times there were also productions in England. In a waxprint, the pattern or design is printed on both sides of the cotton fabric. Waxprints are more expensive than fancy prints. Famous manufacturers are Vlisco in the Netherlands, Akosombo Textiles Limited in Ghana and Hitarget in China. There still exist some smaller companies, which produce genuine African waxprints. A well known brand is ABC Wax from Manchester, England. Today ABC Wax is part of Akosombo Textiles Limited and printed in Ghana. There exist many companies in Africa and China, which use the waxprint design for similar looking and much cheaper fancy textiles.

Wedding attire

A group of women wearing kaftans, also known as boubous, in Senegal, West Africa in 1974.

The kaftan is always worn with a headscarf or head tie. During a wedding ceremony, the bride's kaftan is the same color as the groom's dashiki. The traditional color for West African weddings is white.^[14] The most popular non-traditional color is purple or lavender, the color of African royalty.^[15] Blue, the color of love, is also a common non-traditional color.^[16] Most women wear black kaftans to funerals.^[17] However, in some parts of Ghana and the United States, some women wear black-and-white prints, or black and red. The kaftan is the most popular attire for women of African descent throughout the African diaspora. African and African-American women wear a wide variety of dresses, and skirt sets made out of formal fabrics as formal wear. However, the kaftan and wrapper are the two traditional choices. It is not uncommon for a woman to wear a white wedding dress when the groom wears African attire. In the United States, African-American women wear the boubou for special occasions. The kaftan or boubou is worn at weddings; funerals; graduations; and Kwanzaa celebrations.

The men's robe is also called a boubou, see Senegalese kaftan for further information.^[18]

Buba

A buba (pronounced boo-bah) is a woman's blouse. Buba is a Yoruba word that means blouse. The buba can be worn informally with pants or a fancy print wrapper. When worn as formal wear, the buba is paired with a skirt or wrapper made of formal fabrics. The informal dashiki, or men's shirt, is unisex and is also worn by women. The dashiki and buba differ in that the dashiki is boxy and baggy with a straight bottom, whereas the buba is fitted with a curved bottom, or baggy with a V shaped bottom. Like the dashiki, the buba comes in long, and short sleeve versions. The buba and skirt set or buba and wrapper set is the national costume of many West African countries.

See also

• National costume
• Habesha kemis
• Kanga (African garment)—This wrapper is worn by women in East Africa
• Headscarf
• Head tie
• Dashiki
• Ghanaian smock
• Senegalese kaftan
• Kufi

References

1. "Classy Caftan".
2. "Stylish crown".
3. Karl-Ferdinand Schädler. Weaving in Africa south of the Sahara. Panterra, 1987. p.454
4. Elisha P. Renne. Cloth that does not die: the meaning of cloth in Bùnú social life. University of Washington Press, 1995. ISBN 9780295973920 p.11
5. Egbomi Ayina. Pagnes et politique. Politique Africaine, No.027, Togo authentique. Karthala (Paris) 1987 pp.57-54.
6. Sir James Augustus Henry Murray, Sir William Alexander Craigie, Charles Talbut Onions (eds) A new English dictionary on historical principles: founded mainly on the materials collected by the Philological Society, Volume 7, Part 2, Clarendon Press, 1905 p.375
7. Marianne Gullestad. Picturing pity: pitfalls and pleasures in cross-cultural communication : image and word in a north Cameroon mission. Berghahn Books, 2007 ISBN 9781845453435 p.130
8. Henry Ling Roth. Great Benin: its customs, art and horrors. F. King, 1903 pp.139-140
9. Alan Frederick Charles Ryder. Benin and the Europeans, 1485-1897. Ibadan history series. Humanities Press, 1969. p. 57 "Pano is Portuguese for cloth... ...References to the yard measure of cloth as the lvara acustumada' suggest that it was by this time accepted in Benin as a standard unit of value; from it are derived the pano, pagne, paan and pawn of later centuries."
10. Emizet F. Kisangani, F. Scott Bobb. Historical Dictionary of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Issue 112 of Historical dictionaries of Africa. 3rd Edition, Scarecrow Press, 2010. ISBN 9780810857612 p.88, 142
11. "Culture and Traditions (Dresses) of Delta State".
12. "From Urhobo with Love".
13. "Allure of Satin Fabric".
14. "African American Wedding Culture".
15. "Royal Purple".
16. "Tinge of Blue".
17. "Black is Beautiful".
18. "Native Robes".

Further reading

• Ronke Luke-Boone, African Fabrics (Krause Publications 2001).
• Diane Hoyt-Goldsmith, Celebrating Kwanzaa (Holiday House 1993).
• Judith Perani and Norma Wolff, Cloth, Dress, and Art Patronage in Africa (Berg 1999).