Written works of L. Ron Hubbard

Lafayette Ronald Hubbard (March 13, 1911 – January 24, 1986), better known as L. Ron Hubbard, was a prolific American pulp fiction author. He wrote in a wide variety of genres, including science fiction, fantasy, adventure fiction, aviation, travel, mystery, western and romance. He is perhaps best known for his self-help book, the #1 New York Times bestseller Dianetics: The Modern Science of Mental Health (first published in 1950), and as the founder of the controversial Church of Scientology.

Early writings

Although he was best known for his pulp fantasy and science fiction, Hubbard also wrote adventure, aviation, travel, mystery, western and romance. He wrote under his own name and as Kurt von Rachen and René Lafayette, his principal science fiction/fantasy pseudonyms. His other pen names included "Winchester Remington Colt (rather obviously reserved for Westerns), Lt Jonathan Daly, Capt Charles Gordon, Bernard Hubbel, Michael Keith, Legionnaire 148, Legionnaire 14830, Ken Martin, Scott Morgan or Lt Scott Morgan, Barry Randolph and Capt Humbert Reynolds."[1]

Hubbard's first short story, "Tah," was published in the Literary Supplement of The Hatchet, George Washington University's campus paper, in February 1932.[2] In February 1934, the pulp magazine Thrilling Adventure was the first to publish one of Hubbard's short stories. Over the next six years, more than 140 of his short stories appeared in similar magazines devoted to high adventure and mystery.

Hubbard began publishing Science Fiction with the magazine Astounding in 1938, and over the next decade he was a prolific contributor to both Astounding and the fantasy fiction magazine Unknown. However, despite efforts by later supporters to assign to Hubbard a central role in the creation of modern science fiction, he was not a member of the small group of prime movers—L Sprague de Camp, Robert A Heinlein and Isaac Asimov—in the genre.[3]

Dianetics and Scientology

Hubbard's first major financial success came with the publication of Dianetics in 1950, after which he departed the field of science fiction writing for many years. In 1951, he refashioned the material of Dianetics into Scientology. At this time, he established his first publishing organization, devoted exclusively to his own works, and used it (and its later incarnations) to publish his own so-called "spiritual technology," as well as his ideas about business administration, literacy and drug rehabilitation.[4] His views on these topics remain a source of controversy, with supporters lauding their effectiveness and critics claiming they are useless, at best, and at worst, dangerous.[5][6]

Hubbard returned to the field of Science Fiction writing in 1982 with the publication of Battlefield Earth, followed by the Mission Earth "dekalogy," a ten-volume series, most of which was published posthumously.

Output and Reception

Hubbard produced more than 250 published works of fiction in his writing career. At his peak, he wrote “over 100,000 words a month.” He is remembered for his “prodigious output" and the "amazing speed at which he could produce copy.” He used a special electric IBM typewriter with extra keys for common words like ‘and’, ‘the’, and ‘but.’ [7]

Scientology's publishing arm has translated his work into seventy-two languages.[8] His fiction and non-fiction books have sold millions of copies,[9] and Hubbard holds four Guinness World Records for “Most Published Works by One Author”, “Most Audio Books Published for One Author”, “Most Translated Author in the World”, and "Most Translated Author, Same Book" (The Way to Happiness).[10]

Criticism of Hubbard's fiction is mixed. Georges T. Dodds, columnist for WARP, newsletter/fanzine of the Montreal Science Fiction and Fantasy association writes, "much of [Hubbard's]science fiction and fantasy is quite entertaining, and in most cases as good or better than much of the pulp literature of the era."[11] A reviewer for Publishers Weekly emphasizes "Hubbard's ability to pack an epic into relatively few pages -- this is indeed golden science fiction from the Golden Age.".[12] The Encyclopedia of Science fiction maintains that science fiction "was clearly not Hubbard's forte, and most of his work in the genre reads as tendentious or laboured or both. As a writer of fantasy, however, [Hubbard] wrote with an occasionally pixillated fervour that is still pleasing, and sometimes reminiscent of the screwball comedies popular in the 1930s cinema."[13]

Finally, Encyclopedia of Science Fiction has this to say about Hubbard's last foray into the genre of science fiction: "Battlefield Earth: A Saga of the Year 3000 (1982), [is] an enormously long space opera composed in an idiom that seemed embarrassingly archaic. This was followed by the Mission Earth 'dekalogy,' a ten-volume sequence whose farcical over-egging of a seriously thin narrative thread fails to disguise a tale that would have been more at home in the dawn of the Pulp magazines, though its length would not have been tolerated."[14]

Controversy

While nineteen of Hubbard's books have appeared on the New York Times best seller list, critics have called this apparent feat an illusion. Evidence emerged early on that the best-selling statuses of many of these titles were in fact rigged by Scientology and Scientologists.[15]

Hollywood connection

Hubbard is credited with writing the story on which The Secret of Treasure Island, a 1938 Columbia Pictures movie serial, was based,[16] as well as the story on which one episode of the TV show Tales of Wells Fargo (1957) was based.[17]

Though both Hubbard and The Church of Scientology have made claims that he worked on a number of other Hollywood projects, there is no independently verifiable evidence to support this.

Best-Known Fiction

This is a partial list of Hubbard’s published works of fiction. Included are Fear, To the Stars, Final Blackout and Typewriter in the Sky, which were published in 1940 and reprinted numerous times. To the Stars was published in Astounding Science Fiction magazine in 1950.[18] Hubbard had a total of 235 works of fiction published.[19] Reprinted titles, reprinted by publisher Galaxy Press, include The Iron Duke, Hostage to Death, Cargo of Coffins, Brass Keys to Murder, and Under the Black Ensign.

War-ravaged Europe is the setting of Final Blackout, which Pau Walker described as "a bleak, harsh novel of hopeless conflict and an idealistic lieutenant who fights it to its ironic end." A similar grim irony pervades Death's Deputy, in which an immortal, voided to punish humans according to the whims of his race, seeks in vain his own death. The short novels Typewriter in the Sky and Fear (Hubbard novella) are horrific fantasies which many critics consider to be classics of the science fiction's golden age. Fear, which relates the existence of a man who alternates between psychosis and sanity, is considered among Hubbard's finest works. Hubbard's last book of this period, Return to Tomorrow, is a "space opera" which anticipates future science fiction themes in its story about intergalactic traders from whom one month equals a century of earth time. Hubbard's stories written under the pseudonym of Rene Lafayette and collected in Ole Doc Methuselah (1970) relate the tales of a medical doctor who traverses time and space while opposing criminals and enemies for his profession.[20]

Battlefield Earth is a 1982 science fiction novel written by Hubbard. He composed a soundtrack to the book called Space Jazz. Initially titled "Man, the Endangered Species", Battlefield Earth was first published in 1982 by St. Martin's Press, though all subsequent reprintings have been by Church of Scientology publishing companies Bridge Publications and Galaxy Press. Written in the style of the pulp fiction era (during which Hubbard began his writing career), the novel is a massive work (over 750 pages in hardcover, 1000+ in paperback). It was Hubbard's first openly science fiction novel since his pulp magazine days of the 1940s, and it was promoted as Hubbard's "return" to science fiction after a long hiatus.

The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction described the book as a "rather good, fast-paced, often fascinating SF adventure yarn." The fantasy author Neil Gaiman wrote, "For value for money I have to recommend L. Ron Hubbard's massive Battlefield Earth - over 1000 pages of thrills, spills, vicious aliens, noble humans. Is mankind an endangered species? Will handsome and heroic Jonny Goodboy Tyler win Earth back from the nine-foot-high Psychlos? A tribute to the days of Pulp, I found it un-put-downable. And all for £2.95". Frederik Pohl said, "I read 'Battlefield Earth' straight through in one sitting although it's immense... I was fascinated by it." Kevin J. Anderson says, "Battlefield Earth is like a 12-hour 'Indiana Jones' marathon. Non-stop and fast-paced. Every chapter has a big bang-up adventure." Publishers Weekly said about the novel, "This has everything: suspense, pathos, politics, war, humor, diplomacy and intergalactic finance..." Science fiction author A. E. van Vogt stated, "Wonderful adventure ... great characters ... a masterpiece." but later admitted that he had not actually read it due to its size.

Battlefield Earth went to the top of the New York Times Best Seller list and also those of the Los Angeles Times, TIME, United Press International, Associated Press, B. Dalton's and Waldenbooks. According to Hubbard's literary agents, Author Services Inc., by June 1983 the book had sold 150,000 copies and earned $1.5 million.

To the Stars was first published in book format in 1954 under the title, Return to Tomorrow, it was first published in hardcover in 1975 under the same title. The book was generally positively received, and garnered a 2001 nomination for a "Retro" Hugo Award for Best Novella. Publishers Weekly gave the book a positive review, calling it one of Hubbard's "finest works", and Alan Cheuse highlighted the work on National Public Radio's program All Things Considered as a top literature holiday pick.

Buckskin Brigades was Hubbard's first hard-covered book, and his first published novel. Hubbard incorporates historical background from the Blackfeet tribe into the book. The book was re-released by Bridge Publications in a 1987 edition. The book was published in an audio book format by Bridge Publications and read by actor Bruce Boxleitner, ]who was hired by Church of Spiritual Technology subsidiary Author Services Inc. to read Hubbard's books on tape. The New York Times stated that, "Mr. Hubbard has reversed a time-honored formula and has given a thriller to which, at the end of every chapter or so, another paleface bites the dust . . . (has) an enthusiasm, even a freshness and sparkle, decidedly rare in this type of romance."[21]

Death’s Deputy was first published in book form, in 1948, by Fantasy Publishing Company, Inc. The novel originally appeared in the February 1940 issue of the magazine Unknown.

Fear is a psychological thriller-horror novella by Hubbard first appearing in Unknown Fantasy Fiction in July 1940. Stephen King called the book, "A classic tale of creeping, surreal menace and horror."[22]

Final Blackout was first published in serialized format in 1940 in the science fiction magazine Astounding Science Fiction. It was published in book form in 1948 by The Hadley Publishing Co. Author Services Inc. published a hardcover edition of the book in 1988, and in 1989 the Church of Scientology-affiliated organization Bridge Publications announced that film director Christopher Cain had signed a contract to write and direct a movie version based on the book. Final Blackout and Fear are often cited by critics as the best examples of Hubbard's pulp fiction works. Robert Heinlein called the book “as perfect a piece of Science Fiction as has ever been written."[23] Chuck Moss of Daily News of Los Angeles called the book "extremely good science fiction". The book has been included in the curriculum of a science-fiction writing class at California State Polytechnic University, Pomona Karl Edward Wagner cited Final Blackout as one of the thirteen best science-fiction horror novels.

Kingslayer is a collection of science fiction short stories by Hubbard. It was first published in 1949 by Fantasy Publishing Company, Inc. in an edition of 1,200 copies. The title story first appeared in this collection. The other stories had previously appeared in the magazine Astounding.

Ole Doc Methuselah is a collection of science fiction short stories by Hubbard, published in 1970.

Slaves of Sleep was first published in book form, in 1948, by Shasta Publishers, and originally appeared in 1939 in an issue of the magazine Unknown.

Typewriter in the Sky was well received. The Philadelphia Inquirer called it "swashbuckling fun", and John Clute and John Grant in The Encyclopedia of Fantasy characterized the work as the best of Hubbard's stories from the Arabian-fantasy theme.

Mission Earth is a ten-volume science fiction novel series by L. Ron Hubbard Each volume was a New York Times bestseller.[24] The first five volumes of the Mission Earth series, several of which have been published posthumously, include The Invaders Plan (1985), Black Genesis: Fortress of Evil (1986), The Enemy Within (1986), An Alien Affair (1986), and Fortune and Fear (1986).[25]

L. Ron Hubbard Writers Award Contest

Established and sponsored by Hubbard in 1983, the "Writers Award Contest" is a competition aimed at discovering, and eventually publishing, deserving amateur and aspiring writers. To enter, a writer must not have professionally published more than three short stories or more than one novelette. There is no entry fee and the entrant retains all rights to their work. The L. Ron Hubbard Gold Award, a trophy with a gold quill and star set in red-based lucite, is presented to the annual Grand Prize winner, selected from among the four first-place quarterly winners, and includes a $5,000 prize. To date, the “Writers of the Future Program” has become one of the largest, most well known and best-established discovery vehicles in the field. Winners have gone on to publish over 700 novels and 3,000 short stories, have appeared on international bestseller lists,[26] has launched the careers of hundreds of authors, and even eight New York Times bestsellers.[27]

L. Ron Hubbard Illustrators of the Future Contest

The L. Ron Hubbard Illustrators of the Future Contest was launched in 1988. The Contest awards three winners each quarter, and has them illustrate a winning story from the Writers of the Future Contest. These rendered illustrations are entered in the Grand Prize competition and published in the L. Ron Hubbard Presents Writers of the Future anthology with their respective companion story. All themes of science fiction and fantasy illustrations are welcome in the contest. Contestants are not required to pay an entry fee and the artist retains all rights in the entry.[28]

Bibliography

See: L. Ron Hubbard bibliography

External links

References

  1. ↑ "Hubbard, L Ron". SFE: The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
  2. ↑ "Hubbard, L Ron". SFE: The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
  3. ↑ "Hubbard, L Ron". SFE: The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
  4. ↑ "About Bridge Publications, Inc.". Bridge Publications. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
  5. ↑ Touretzky, David S. "Medical/Psychological Dangers of Narconon" (PDF). Carnegie Mellon University. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
  6. ↑ Farley, Robert. "Scientology makes it in classroom door". Tampa Bay Times. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
  7. ↑ Encyclopedia of Occultism and Parapsychology. Ed. J. Gordon Melton. Vol. 1. 5th ed. Detroit: Gale Group, 2001. p750-751.
  8. ↑ "The Culvert Chronicles". The Culvert Chronicles 6 (5): 15.
  9. ↑ "Gale Thomson Online". Contemporary Authors Online. 2006.
  10. ↑ "Records Search Page". Guinness World Records. Retrieved 2011-07-19.
  11. ↑ Rodger Turner, Webmaster. "The SF Site Featured Review: To the Stars". Sfsite.com. Retrieved 2011-07-19.
  12. ↑ "Fiction Review: TO THE STARS by L. Ron Hubbard / Author . Galaxy $24.95 (232p) ISBN 978-1-59212-175-5". Publishersweekly.com. 2004-08-30. Retrieved 2011-07-19.
  13. ↑ "Hubbard, L Ron". SFE: The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
  14. ↑ "Hubbard, L Ron". SFE: The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
  15. ↑ Welkos, Robert W.; Sappell, Joel. "Costly Strategy Continues to Turn Out Bestsellers". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
  16. ↑ IMDB http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0030725/?ref_=nm_flmg_wr_53. Retrieved 26 November 2015. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  17. ↑ IMDB http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0050066/?ref_=nm_flmg_wr_52. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  18. ↑ "Pulp Renaissance: Hard-boiled, cliffhanger stories viewed as collectible American fiction". Antique Trader. 2010-07-19. Retrieved 2011-07-19.
  19. ↑ "L. Ron Hubbard: Chronological list of works of fiction". Wiseoldgoat.com. 2010-04-26. Retrieved 2011-07-19.
  20. ↑ Contemporary Literary Criticism. Ed. Daniel G. Marowski, Roger Matuz, and Robyn V. Young. Vol. 43. Detroit: Gale Research, 1987. p203-208.
  21. ↑ Widder, William J. (1994). The Fiction of L. Ron Hubbard: A comprehensive bibliography & reference guide to published and selected unpublished works. Los Angeles, CA: Bridge Publications. p. 373. ISBN 0-88404-936-1.
  22. ↑ "L. Ron Hubbard's FEAR book review". Feoamante.com. Retrieved 2011-07-19.
  23. ↑ "L. Ron Hubbard's FEAR book review". Feoamante.com. Retrieved 2011-07-19.
  24. ↑ "BEST SELLERS: FEBRUARY 15, 1987 - New York Times". Nytimes.com. 1987-02-15. Retrieved 2011-07-19.
  25. ↑ Contemporary Literary Criticism. Ed. Daniel G. Marowski, Roger Matuz, and Robyn V. Young. Vol. 43. Detroit: Gale Research, 1987. p203-208
  26. ↑ "Contest History | L. Ron Hubbard presents Writers of the Future Contest". Writersofthefuture.com. Retrieved 2011-07-19.
  27. ↑ "First Yearly Winners Announced in International Writers of The Future Contest". Sfgate.com. 2011-06-09. Retrieved 2011-07-19.
  28. ↑ "Scholarships by Program | Kendall College of Art and Design of Ferris State University". Kcad.edu. Retrieved 2011-07-19.
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