Wu Sangui

Wu Sangui
Emperor of the Great Zhou Dynasty
Reign	March 1678 – August 1678
Predecessor	None, Kangxi Emperor as Emperor of the Qing Dynasty
Successor	Wu Shifan
Prince of Zhou (周王)
Reign	1674-1678
All-Supreme-Military Generalissimo
Reign	1673-1674
Prince Who Pacifies the West
Reign	1644-1678
Born	1612 Gaoyou, Jiangsu, China
Died	2 October 1678 (aged 65-66) Hengyang, Hunan, China
Spouse	Chen Yuanyuan
Issue	Wu Yingxiong
Full name Wu Sangui (吳三桂) Posthumous name Emperor Kaitiandadaotongrenjiyuntongwenshenwugao (開天達道同仁極運通文神武高皇帝) Temple name Emperor Taizu of Zhou 周太祖
House	Great Zhou dynasty
Father	Wu Xiang
Mother	Lady Zu

Wu Sangui (Chinese: 吳三桂; pinyin: Wú Sānguì; Wade–Giles: Wu San-kuei; courtesy name Changbai (長白) or Changbo (長伯); 1612 – 2 October 1678) was a Chinese military general who was instrumental in the fall of the Ming Dynasty and the establishment of the Qing Dynasty in 1644. Considered by traditional scholars as a traitor to both Ming, and ultimately, Qing, Wu in 1678 declared himself Emperor of China and ruler of the "Great Zhou", but his revolt was eventually quelled by the Kangxi Emperor of the Qing Dynasty.

Early life and service under Ming

Wu was born in Gaoyou, Jiangsu province to Wu Xiang and Lady Zu. Under the patronage of his father Wu Xiang and maternal uncle Zu Dashou, he quickly rose to the rank of full General (Zong Bing) at the young age of 27.

Wu was one of the generals in 1640 at the Battle of Songjin, in which Qing forces defeated the Ming armies, but he escaped capture.

Defection to Qing

On 27 May 1644, Wu opened the gates of the Great Wall of China at Shanhai Pass to let Qing forces into China proper, forming an alliance with the Manchus.^[1] Wu ordered his soldiers to wear a white cloth attached to their armor, to distinguish them from Li Zicheng's forces.^[2]

Wu Sangui did not side with the Qing Dynasty until after the defensive capability of the Ming Dynasty had been greatly weakened and its political apparatus virtually destroyed by the rebel armies of Li Zicheng's Shun dynasty. After capturing the Ming capital Beijing and taking Wu's family there into custody, Li Zicheng sent a message to negotiate Wu's defection. When Wu took too long to reply, however, Li interpreted his lack of response as a refusal to surrender. Li then executed thirty-eight members of the Wu household, including Wu's father, whose head was displayed from the city wall. Enraged, Wu contacted the Qing regent, Dorgon, to negotiate an alliance. Wu agreed to open the gates of Shanhai Pass and surrender to the Qing. Together, Wu's army and the Qing forces fought Li Zicheng at the Battle of Shanhai Pass, defeating the Shun rebels. Having defeated Li's main army, the Qing marched into Beijing unopposed and enthroned the young Shunzhi Emperor in the Forbidden City.^[3]

Loyalty and revolt

After he defeated remnant forces consisting of Ming loyalists in southwestern China, he was rewarded with the title of Pingxi Wang (平西王; translated as "Prince Who Pacifies the West" or "King Who Pacifies the West") with a fief in Yunnan by the Qing imperial court. It had been extremely rare for someone outside of the imperial clan, especially a non-Manchu, to be granted the title of wang. Those awarded the title who were not members of the imperial clan were called Yixing Wang ( literally meaning "kings with other family names") or known as "vassal kings". It was believed that these vassal kings usually came to a bad end, largely because they were not trusted by emperors as members of his own clan were.

Wu was not trusted by the Qing imperial court, but he was still able to rule Yunnan with little or no interference. This was because the Manchus, an ethnic minority, needed time after their prolonged conquest to figure out how to impose the rule of a dynasty of a very small minority on the vast Han-Chinese society they held in their hands. In fact, as a semi-independent ruler in the distant southwest, he was seen as an asset to the Qing court, and for much of his rule he received massive annual subsidies from the central government. This money, as well as the long period of stability, was spent by Wu in bolstering his army in the southwest, in preparation for an eventual clash with the Qing Dynasty.

In 1673, the Kangxi Emperor decided to make Wu Sangui and two other princes who had been rewarded with large fiefs in southern and western China move from their lands to resettle in Manchuria.^[4] As a result, the three revolted and thus began the eight-year-long civil war known as the Revolt of the Three Feudatories, with Wu Sangui declaring himself the "All-Supreme-Military Generalissimo". In 1678, he went further and declared himself emperor of the "Great Zhou Dynasty", with the era name of Zhaowu. He established his capital at Hengzhou (present-day Hengyang, Hunan). When he died in October 1678, Wu's grandson Wu Shifan took over command of his forces and continued the struggle. The remnants of Wu's armies were defeated soon thereafter in December 1681 and Wu Shifan committed suicide; Wu Sangui's son-in-law was sent to Beijing with Wu Shifan's head.^[5] The Kangxi Emperor had Wu Sangui's corpse scattered across the provinces of China.^[6]

Wu Sangui's son, Wu Yingxiong (Wu Shifan's father), married Princess Jianning, the 14th daughter of the Kangxi Emperor's grandfather Hong Taiji. She was Fulin's (the Shunzhi Emperor's) sister.^[7]

In popular culture

In contemporary China, Wu has often been regarded as a traitor and opportunist, due to his betrayal of both the Ming and Qing dynasties. However more sympathetic characterisations are sometimes voiced, and it is clear that Wu's romance with and love for his concubine Chen Yuanyuan remains one of the classic love stories in Chinese history.^[8]

Wu's early life and military career are portrayed in a more positive light in the CCTV television series The Affaire in the Swing Age, in which he is shown to be forced into making the fateful decisions which have made him famous.

Wuxia writer Louis Cha's novel The Deer and the Cauldron portrays Wu as a powerful nemesis to the Kangxi Emperor, who sends the protagonist of the novel, Wei Xiaobao, to scout out Wu's forces in Yunnan.

Great Zhou Dynasty (1678–1681)

Convention: use personal name
Temple names	Family name and first name	Period of reign	Era name
Tai Zu	Wú Sānguì	March 1678 – August 1678	Zhāowǔ
	Wú Shìfán	August 1678 – 1681	Hónghuà

References

1. Julia Lovell (1 December 2007). The Great Wall: China Against the World, 1000 BC - Ad 2000. Grove. p. 254. ISBN 978-1-55584-832-3.
2. Mark C. Elliott (2001). The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China. Stanford University Press. pp. 1–2. ISBN 978-0-8047-4684-7.
3. Wakeman Jr., Frederic (1986). The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China. University of California Press. pp. 291–318. ISBN 9780520048041.
4. Jonathan Spence, Emperor of China, NY: Alfred A. Knopf, p. xvii
5. Spence, Emperor of China, p. 37
6. Spence, Emperor of China, p. 31
7. Crossley 1999, p. 107.
8. Frederic Wakeman (1 January 1977). Fall of Imperial China. Simon and Schuster. pp. 84–. ISBN 978-0-02-933680-9.