X-gal

X-gal
Names
IUPAC name
5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-β-D-galactopyranoside
Identifiers
7240-90-6 YesY
ChEBI CHEBI:75055 N
ChemSpider 58680 N
Jmol interactive 3D Image
MeSH X-gal
PubChem 65181
Properties
C14H15BrClNO6
Molar mass 408.629
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
N verify (what is YesYN ?)
Infobox references

X-gal (also abbreviated BCIG for 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-β-D-galactopyranoside) is an organic compound consisting of galactose linked to a substituted indole. The compound was synthesized by Jerome Horwitz and collaborators in Detroit, MI, in 1964.[1] The formal chemical name is often shortened to less accurate but also less cumbersome phrases such as bromochloroindoxyl galactoside. The X from indoxyl may be the source of the X in the X-gal contraction. X-gal is much used in molecular biology to test for the presence of an enzyme, β-galactosidase. It is also used to detect activity of this enzyme in histochemistry and bacteriology. X-gal is one of many indoxyl glycosides and esters that yield insoluble blue compounds similar to indigo as a result of enzyme-catalyzed hydrolysis.[2]

Uses

X-gal is an analog of lactose, and therefore may be hydrolyzed by the β-galactosidase enzyme which cleaves the β-glycosidic bond in D-lactose. X-gal, when cleaved by β-galactosidase, yields galactose and 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-hydroxyindole. The latter then spontaneously dimerizes and is oxidized into 5,5'-dibromo-4,4'-dichloro-indigo, an intensely blue product which is insoluble. X-gal itself is colorless, so the presence of blue-colored product may therefore be used as a test for the presence of active β-galactosidase. This easy identification of an active enzyme allows the gene for β-galactosidase (the lacZ gene) to be used as a reporter gene in various applications.[3]

Reaction

Cloning

In gene cloning, X-gal is used as a visual indication of whether a cell expresses a functional β-galactosidase enzyme in a technique called blue/white screening. This method of screening is a convenient way of distinguishing a successful cloning product from other unsuccessful ones.

The blue/white screening method relies on the principle of α-complementation of the β-galactosidase gene, where a fragment of the lacZ gene (lacZα) in the plasmid can complement another mutant lacZ gene (lacZΔM15) in the cell. Both genes by themselves produce non-functional peptides, however, when expressed together, as when a plasmid containing lacZα is transformed into a lacZΔM15 cells, they form a functional β-galactosidase. The presence of an active β-galactosidase may be detected when cells are grown in plates containing X-gal, the blue-colored product precipitated within cells resulted in the characteristic blue colonies. However, the multiple cloning site, where a gene of interest may be ligated into the plasmid vector, is located within the lacZα gene. Successful ligation therefore disrupts the lacZα gene, α-complementation is therefore also disrupted and no functional β-galactosidase can form, resulting in white colonies. Cells containing successfully ligated insert can then be easily identified by its white coloration from the unsuccessful blue ones. Example of cloning vectors used for this test are pUC19, pBluescript, pGem-T Vectors, and it also requires the use of specific E. coli host strains such as DH5α which carries the mutant lacZΔM15 gene.

Variants

X-gal has a number of variants, which are similar molecules with slight differences serving mainly to produce colors other than blue as a signal.

Short name Long name Color
Blue-Gal, Bluo-Gal 5-Bromo-3-indolyl β-D-galactopyranoside Dark blue[4]
Rose-Gal, Salmon-Gal, Y-Gal, Red-Gal 6-Chloro-3-indolyl-β-D-galactopyranoside Pink[5]
Purple-β-D-Gal 5-Iodo-3-indolyl-β-D-galactopyranoside Purple[6]
Magenta glucoside, Magenta-GLC, Magenta gal 5-Bromo-6-chloro-3-indolyl-β-D-glucopyranoside Magenta[7]
Green-β-D-gal N-Methylindolyl-β-D-galactopyranoside Green[8]
MUG, MUGA 4-Methylumbelliferyl β-D-galactopyranoside Fluorescent[9] (λex = 365, λem = 455)

Protein-protein interactions

In two-hybrid analysis, β-galactosidase may be used as a reporter to identify proteins that interact with each other. In this method, genome libraries may be screened for protein interaction using yeast or bacterial system. Where there is a successful interaction between proteins being screened, it will result to the binding of an activation domain to a promoter. If the promoter is linked to a lacZ gene, the production of β-galactosidase, which results in the formation of blue-pigmented colonies in the presence of X-gal, will therefore indicate a successful interaction between proteins.[10] This technique may be limited to screening libraries of size of less than around 106.[10] The successful cleavage of X-gal also creates a noticeably foul odor due to the volatilization of indole.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Horwitz JP and 7 others, 1964. Substrates for cytochemical demonstration of enzyme activity. I. Some substituted 3-indolyl-β-D-glycopyranosides. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 7: 574-575.
  2. ↑ Kiernan JA 2007. Indigogenic substrates for detection and localization of enzymes. Biotechnic & Histochemistry 82(2): 73-103.
  3. ↑ Sandhu, Sardul Singh (2010). Recombinant DNA Technology. I K International Publishing House. p. 116. ISBN 978-9380578446.
  4. ↑ "5-Bromo-3-indolyl β-D-galactopyranoside". Retrieved 4 February 2014.
  5. ↑ "Salmon-Gal - PubChem". Retrieved 4 February 2014.
  6. ↑ "Purple-beta-D-Gal - PubChem". Retrieved 4 February 2014.
  7. ↑ "5-Bromo-6-chloro-3-indolyl-β-D-glucopyranoside". Retrieved 4 February 2014.
  8. ↑ "Green-β-D-Gal - Biotium, Inc.". Retrieved 4 February 2014.
  9. ↑ "4-Methylumbelliferyl β-D-galactopyranoside". Retrieved 4 February 2014.
  10. 1 2 Joung J, Ramm E, Pabo C (2000). "A bacterial two-hybrid selection system for studying protein-DNA and protein-protein interactions". Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97 (13): 7382–7. doi:10.1073/pnas.110149297. PMC 16554. PMID 10852947.
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