Xochipala

Xochipala in relation to other Formative Period archaeological sites.

Xochipala is a minor archaeological site in the Mexican state of Guerrero, whose name has become attached, somewhat erroneously, to a style of Formative Period figurines and pottery from 1500 to 200 BCE.^[1] The archaeological site belongs to the Classic and Postclassic eras, from 200-1400 CE.^[2]

Archaeological site

The Organera Xochipala archaeological zone takes its name from the nearby village of Xoxhipala and the local organ pipe cactus. The archaeological site belongs to the Classic and, most importantly, the Postclassic eras, from 200 to 1400 CE.^[3] In the mid-20th century this site, representative of the Mezcala culture, was extensively looted of an estimated 20,000 pieces.^[4] Most of the sculptural artifacts have been studied as looted pieces appearing in art collections.

The area is better known for its Xochipala-style figurines and stone bowls, which have been dated to the Formative (or Preclassic) Period 1500 to 200 BCE.

The site is particularly notable for the discovery of a corbelled arch, an innovation generally attributed the Maya. Whether the corbelled arch was independently developed in Guerrero or was imported from the Maya regions is still unsettled.

The mound complex of Las Mesas is located about six kilometers to the south/southwest of the modern town of Xochipala. Some important monoliths were found there.^[5]

Formative Period figurines

Two Formative Period Xochipala figurines, 13th - 10th century BCE (?)

The Xochipala style is represented by some of the earliest and most naturalistic Mesoamerican figurines,^[6] as well as a number of bowls intricately carved from very hard stone.^[7]

The first rediscovered Xochipala-style figurine was purchased in Guerrero in 1897 by William Niven and sold to the Peabody Museum in 1903. Unfortunately, no Xochipala figurine has yet been found in archaeological context, but only through collectors and art dealers.^[8] The earliest date assigned to any figurine is 1500 BCE.^[9] but without provenance, so dating is based on stylistic and compositional characteristics.

To achieve a more realistic look, many of the figurines were first modeled without clothing, which was then draped applique-like about the body.^[10] It has been suggested that the nude figurines may have been dressed in perishable clothing.^[11]

Critical assessment

There is near universal praise for these early figurines:

"Near Xochipala a number of solid clay statuettes have been found dating from about 1300 BC, but modelled with a sureness of hand, a sensitivity to three-dimensional form, and a liveliness that suggests a well-established tradition."^[12] Hugh Honour

"Expressive gestures, naturalistic forms of hair, breasts, and plastic arms and legs make early and rare Xochipala figures among the finest ceramic works of the ancient New World".^[11] Mary Ellen Miller

". . . some of the most imaginative, lively, and naturalistic figuines yet known in Mesoamerica".^[13] David Grove

"This small group constitutes some of the greatest miniature ceramic sculpture made in the Americas. The figures stand out in intensity and naturalism from all other works."^[14] "These primal works of superb technical virtuosity represent some of the greatest ceramic figurines in all of the vast body of Mesoamerican art."^[15] Gillett Griffin

Olmec?

In his seminal 1972 book, Carlo Gay attributed the sophisticated artistry of the Xochipala figurines to a precocious culture that was the predecessor of the Gulf coast Olmecs.^[16] According to Gay, the naturalistic "Early Xochipala" figurines led over centuries to the stylised "Late Xochipala" style which in turn led to what archaeologist Gillett Griffin has called "abstracted, . . . ideal," and "contrived" Olmec art.^[17]

Despite what Griffin describes as a "pure Olmec stratum", others have found few similarities between Xochipala figurines and Olmec art. David Grove, for example, finds that minor quantities of some Olmec attributes appear in Gay's "Middle Xochipala" sequence and in the stone bowls, but these attributes are otherwise missing from Xochipala art.^[18] Michael Coe, however, sees "nothing [in the Xochipala figurines or stone bowls] which would lead into the Olmec pattern".^[19] Gay's proposal is "now widely regarded as untenable".^[20]

By way of an alternate explanation of Xochipala precociousness, David Grove suggests that the earliest figurines were influenced by the "already developed and sophisticated ceramic traditions of northern South America", an idea that is not widely accepted in the archaeological community.

A female, often identified as a ballplayer 10th - 9th century BCE^[21] or 15th - 10th century.^[22]

Notes

↑ Griffin (1985). p. 213.
↑ Rosa María Reyna-Robles (2003) supplies the dates.
↑ Rosa María Reyna-Robles (2003) supplies the dates. Pool, p. 306, says: "Archaeological excavation has failed to find an Early [Olmec] Horizon at [Organera] Xochipala."
↑ Rosa María Reyna-Robles (website).
↑ Arnaud F. Lambert, Megaliths and the Early Mezcala Urban Tradition of Mexico. (PDF) Almogaren 44-45 / 2013-2014
↑ Griffin, p. 309. Parsons, p. 176, who describes the "extreme naturalism characteristic of the earliest known figurine tradition in Mesoamerica". See also Grove quote in Critical assessment section.
↑ Griffin (1985), p. 216. Parsons et al. (p. 176) say "The Xohipala culture also produced finely sculpted utilitarian stonework".
↑ Griffin, p. 303.
↑ Miller (p. 32) gives the 1500 BCE date.
↑ Griffin, p. 306.
1 2 Miller, p. 32.
↑ Honour, p. 109.
↑ Grove, p. 1138.
↑ Griffin (1985), p. 213.
↑ Griffin (1972), p. 309.
↑ See Gay's Xochipala: The Beginnings of Olmec Art.
↑ Griffin,p. 306 & 309.
↑ Grove.
↑ Coe, p. 81.
↑ Pool, p. 57. Trigger refers to the hypothesis as "outdated", p. 154.
↑ Snite Museum of Art.
↑ Parsons et al., p. 176.

References

Coe, Michael (1989) "The Olmec heartland: evolution of ideology", Regional Perspectives on the Olmec, Robert Sharer, ed., Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-36332-7.

Evans, Susan Toby (2004). Ancient Mexico & Central America: Archaeology and Culture History. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 0-500-28440-7. OCLC 55125990.

Gay, Carlo T. E. (1972) Xochipala: The Beginnings of Olmec Art, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0-691-03877-3.

Griffin, Gillett (1972) "Xochipala: The earliest great art style in Mexico", Proceedings, American Philosophical Society, vol. 116, no. 4, pp. 301-309.

Griffin, Gillett (1985) "Olmec Forms and Materials Found in Central Guerrero",The Olmec & Their Neighbors, Michael D. Coe, ed, Dumbarton Oaks, ISBN 978-0-88402-098-1.

Grove, David C. (1973) "Reviewed works: Chalcacingo by Carlo T. E. Gay and Xochipala: The Beginnings of Olmec Art by Carlo T. E. Gay", American Anthropologist, New Series, v. 75, n. 4 (Aug., 1973), pp. 1138-1140.

Miller, Mary Ellen (2001). The Art of Mesoamerica: From Olmec to Aztec. World of Art series (3rd ed.). London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 0-500-20345-8. OCLC 59530512.

Parsons, Lee A., John B. Carlson, Peter David Joralemon (1989) The Face of Ancient America: The Wally and Brenda Zollman Collection of Precolumbia Art, Indiana University Press, ISBN 978-0-936260-24-2.

Pool, Christopher A. (2007). Olmec Archaeology and Early Mesoamerica. Cambridge World Archaeology. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-78882-3. OCLC 68965709.

Reyna-Robles, Rosa Maria (2003) La Organera-Xochipala: Un sitio del Epiclásico en la Región Mezcala de Guerrero, Instituto Nacional de Antropologia E Historia. (Spanish)

Reyna-Robles, Rosa Maria "La Organera-Xochipala, Guerrero", Arqueologia Mexicana Instituto Nacional de Antropologia E Historia, accessed January 2009. (Spanish)

Trigger, Bruce G. Wilcomb E. Washburn, Frank Salomon, Richard E. W. Adams, Stuart B. Schwartz, Murdo J. MacLeod (1996) The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas, ISBN 978-0-521-34440-1.

External links

Princeton Art Museum Xochipala collection

Pre-Columbian civilizations and cultures
Americas	Paleo-Indians · Genetic history · Archaeology of the Americas · Indigenous peoples of the Americas
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Mesoamerica	Mesoamerican pre-Columbian chronology – Capacha – Cholula – Coclé – Epi-Olmec – Huastec – Izapa – Mezcala – Mixtec – Olmec – Pipil – Quelepa – Shaft tomb tradition – Teuchitlan – Purépecha – Teotihuacan – Tlatilco – Tlaxcaltec – Toltec – Totonac – Veracruz – Xochipala – Zapotec
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	Aztec	Maya civilization	Inca Empire – Andean civilizations
Language	Nahuatl	Mayan languages	Quechua
Writing	Aztec writing	Maya script	Quipu
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History	Aztec history		Inca history Neo-Inca State
People	Moctezuma I Moctezuma II Cuitláhuac Cuauhtémoc	K'inich Janaab' Pakal Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil Jasaw Chan K'awiil I	Manco Cápac Pachacuti Atahualpa Manco Inca Yupanqui Túpac Amaru II
Conquest	Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire (Hernán Cortés)	Spanish conquest of the Maya Spanish conquest of Yucatán (Francisco de Montejo) Spanish conquest of Guatemala (Pedro de Alvarado)	Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire (Francisco Pizarro)
See also
Portal:Indigenous peoples of North America – Portal:Mesoamerica – Columbian Exchange – Mesoamerican writing systems – Native American cuisine – Native American pottery – Population history of indigenous peoples of the Americas – Pre‑Columbian art – Painting in the Americas before European colonization

Coordinates: 17°48′40″N 99°38′20″W / 17.811°N 99.639°W / 17.811; -99.639

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