Xyloside
A xyloside is a type of glycoside derived from the sugar xylose.
Proteoglycan (PG) synthesis is initiated by the transfer of D-xylose from UDP-xylose to a serine residue in core proteins. This natural primer acts as a template for the assembly of heparin sulfate, heparin, chondroitin sulfate, and dermatan sulfate side chains, depending on the tissue. However, in 1973 it was determined that synthetic B-D-xylosides can prime glycosaminoglycan (GAG) synthesis by substituting for the core xylosylated protein.
Many Beta-D-xylosides have been studied for use as xylose primes with varying results.[1]
- Priming requires the Beta-anomer of xylose.[2]
- Priming activity correlates with the activity of the aglycone (cite).
- The most active xyloside primers contain O or S in glycosidic linkage.[3]
- Priming is dose dependent.[4][5]
- Beta-D-xylosides prime GAGs in most cells.
- Most of the material created from Beta-D-xylosides priming is excreted into the growth media.
- Beta-D-xylosides prime chondroitin sulfate or dermatan slfate whereas priming of heparin sulfate poorly, except with the appropriate aglycones.[5][6]
Beta-D-xylosides consist of a xylose in beta linkage to an aglycone. The aglycone often consists of a hydrophobic compound which aids in carrying the sugar moiety to the golgi membrane where GAG synthesis takes place.
List of xylosides
- 2-naphthol-B-D-xyloside
References
- The influence of p-nitrophenyl beta-d-xyloside on the synthesis of proteochondroitin sulfate by slices of embryonic chick cartilage.,Okayama M, Kimata K, Suzuki S.,J Biochem. 1973 Nov;74(5):1069-73. (http://jb.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/74/5/1069)