Yammoune

Yammoune
Yammouneh, El Yammoûné
Village

The Naba al-Arbain spring of Yammoune
Country  Lebanon
Governorate Beqaa Governorate
District Baalbek District
Elevation 4,511 ft (1,375 m)
Population (1955)
 • Total 200
Yammoune
Shown within Lebanon
Location 20 kilometres (12 mi) northeast of Baalbek
Region Baalbek
Coordinates 34°08′00″N 36°01′00″E / 34.133333°N 36.016667°E / 34.133333; 36.016667
History
Cultures Roman, Ancient Greece, Phoenicia
Site notes
Condition Ruins
Public access Yes

Yammoune is a lake, nature reserve, village and municipality situated 27 kilometres (17 mi) northwest of Baalbek in the Baalbek District of the Beqaa Governorate in Lebanon. The village has a few hundred inhabitants.[1][2]

Ancient temple

There are the ruins of a Phoenico-Greco-Roman temple in the village that are included in a grouping of Temples of the Beqaa Valley. It is said to be dedicated to Astarte or Venus.[3] Part of two enclosure walls and the temple foundations remain intact.[1] Inscriptions, written in Latin were found at the temple site.[4] Ancient Greek inscriptions were also found.[5] It is considered likely to be of Phoenician origin.[6] Ernest Renan visited the site and discovered sections of a frieze and parts of pediment attributed to the temple. A partly broken cockle shell with a figure of a goddess with outstretched arms was also found recently during ploughing by a tractor.[7] The ancient name of Yammoune is not known however some have suggested that it was once the location of a Festival of Adonis.[2][8]

The temple is situated on a hill, approximately 300 metres (980 ft) from the main spring in the area, the Naba al-Arbain. It lies next to the lake where it is considered ancient worshippers took pilgrimage from the temple at Afqa to purify themselves in the temple waters.[2] Michael Alouf found a statue of Adonis in the temple, carrying an ear of corn in one hand and a quivver and a lamb in the other. He stored the statue at a museum he founded in the ruins of Baalbek. Alouf also found a Roman road measuring 200 metres (0.12 mi), located 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) southeast of the lake. He also found another square building measuring approximately 12 square metres (130 sq ft) next to this road. The building was constructed of large stones and an Ancient Greek inscription was found inside. He considered it an ancient guardhouse or watchtower for protection of travellers. He suggested that oracles were consulted at the temple in connection with Queen Zenobia, who legend tells, sent offerings to the goddess by placing them on the lake. If the offerings sunk to the floor of the lake, then the goddess had accepted them. If the offerings floated, then they had been rejected and gave a bad omen to Palmyra and the surrounding lands.[9]

Geology

The village lies on the Yammoune Fault line, a geological fault responsible for several historical earthquakes in the area. A new section of the fault was discovered in 2010 by Ata Elias of the American University of Beirut. They studied samples from a trench in Marjahine that will allow them to improve dating on historical earthquakes and better predict future ones.[10]

Lake Yammoune

Lake Yammoune is home to Lebanon's only endemic fish, Pseudophoxinus libani.[11] In Phoenician Mythology, the goddess Astarte turned herself into a golden fish in Yammoune lake to escape from the vengeance of Adonis's wrathful brother Typhon.[1]

The lake is filled from a water cavern to the west of the temple has only one outflow, through a big hole and Robert Boulanger suggested that it might dry up entirely at the end of summer.[1] The valley of Ouyoun Ergush leads from Yammoune towards Marjhine.[12]

A network of rock-cut irrigation channels and watercourses lead from Lake Yammoune to provide irrigation for the region of the Beqaa Valley around Baalbek.[13]

Possible early sanctuary of El

Marvin H. Pope (Yale University) identified the home of El in the Ugaritic texts of ca. 1200 BCE, described as "at the source[s] of the [two] rivers, in the midst of the fountains of the [two] deeps",[14] with this famous lake and Afqa, source of the river Adonis on the other side of the mountain, which Pope asserted was closely associated with it in legend.[15]

Yammoune nature reserve

The area has been classed as a scientific and cultural nature reserve since 1998 and is known for distinguishing juniper trees.[6] The area is popular as a hiking trail.[16]

2012 Yammoune security incident

The village and surrounding area was the scene of armed violence in August 2012. Forces from the Lebanese army, Internal Security Forces and Central Office of Drug Control attempted to destroy local crops of cannabis. Locals claiming to be "defending their livelihood" planted explosives and retaliated on the troops with an assortment of small arms, and shoulder-launched missile weapons including three RPG-7 rockets and medium-calibre PK machine guns. A Lebanese soldier and two policemen were injured, a cannabis bulldozer was hit by a mortar explosion and a tractor was damaged when a bridge was blown up. Attack Helicopters were deployed to chase off the assailants. Many of the tractor drivers employed to destroy the crops ran away. A fire caused by shelling broke out in the nearby town of Dar al-Wasea. It was suggested that between two and five hundred heavily armed men were roaming the nearby villages defending the plantations from such eradication attempts. The clash lasted around forty five minutes, following negotiations which allowed the security forces to conduct some limited deforestation around the periphery of the area. The farmers were promised alternative things to grow and farm by the government as part of the Lebanese government's yearly crackdown on drug crops in the Baalbek region.[17]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Robert Boulanger (1955). Lebanon. Hachette. Retrieved 30 October 2012.
  2. 1 2 3 Nashrat al-Āthār wa-al-ʻImārah al-Lubnānīyah. Direction Générale des Antiquités. 2008. Retrieved 30 October 2012.
  3. ↑ George Taylor (1971). The Roman temples of Lebanon: a pictorial guide. Les temples romains au Liban; guide illustré. Dar el-Machreq Publishers. Retrieved 30 October 2012.
  4. ↑ Kevin Butcher (19 February 2004). Roman Syria and the Near East. Getty Publications. pp. 230–. ISBN 978-0-89236-715-3. Retrieved 30 October 2012.
  5. ↑ Marcus Niebuhr Tod (1979). The Progress of Greek Epigraphy: The progress of Greek epigraphy, 1937–1953. Ares. Retrieved 30 October 2012.
  6. 1 2 Collectif; Jean-Paul Labourdette; Dominique Auzias (1 June 2011). Liban. Petit Futé. pp. 284–. ISBN 978-2-7469-3699-7. Retrieved 30 October 2012.
  7. ↑ Colin Thubron (8 June 2011). The Hills Of Adonis. Random House. pp. 147–. ISBN 978-1-4464-8366-4. Retrieved 30 October 2012.
  8. ↑ Kevin Butcher (19 February 2004). Roman Syria and the Near East. Getty Publications. pp. 460–. ISBN 978-0-89236-715-3. Retrieved 30 October 2012.
  9. ↑ Michel M. Alouf; Tedd St Rain (1999). History of Baalbek. Book Tree. pp. 31–. ISBN 978-1-58509-063-1. Retrieved 30 October 2012.
  10. ↑ Study uncovers new segment of Yammouneh fault line, The Daily Star (Lebanon), 3 November, 2010.
  11. ↑ Jaradi, Ghassan Ramasdan., State & Trends of the Lebanese Environment, Chapter 5, Biodiversity and Forests, United Nations Development Programme for the Lebanese Ministry of the Environment, p. 157, 2010.
  12. ↑ Gale (October 2002). Who's Who in Lebanon 2003–2004. Gale Group. ISBN 978-2-903188-20-7. Retrieved 30 October 2012.
  13. ↑ James Stevens Simmons; Tom French Whayne; Gaylord West Anderson; Harold Maclachlan Horack; United States Surgeon-General's Office: Preventive Medicine Service (1944). Global epidemiology: a geography of disease and sanitation. J.B. Lippincott company. Retrieved 30 October 2012.
  14. ↑ ARI, p. 72.
  15. ↑ Pope, "El in the Ugaritic Texts", (Vetus Testamentum, Supplement, II) 1955:61ff; approvingly reviewed by W. F. Albright, in Journal of Biblical Literature 75.3 (September 1956:255-257), who remarked, "However, the identification of El's home with a place in Phoeniciadoes not mean that it was not also at a great distance in a cosmic 'never never land'". The "cultic geography" of Adonis, including Afqa, is inspected by Brigitte Soyez in the opening section of Byblos et les fêtes des Adonies (Leiden: Brill) 1977.
  16. ↑ DHIAFEE Program, Suggested tours.
  17. ↑ Hamieh, Rameh., Yammouneh Rises: Hashish is Our Livelihood, Al-Akhbar, Saturday, August 4, 2012

External links

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