Yankee Network

For the radio network of the New York Yankees, see New York Yankees Radio Network.

The Yankee Network was an American radio network, based in Boston, Massachusetts, with affiliate radio stations throughout New England.[1] At the height of its influence, the Yankee Network had as many as twenty-four affiliated radio stations.[2] The network was co-founded by John Shepard III and his brother Robert, in 1929-1930.[3] The beginnings of what became the Yankee Network occurred in the mid-1920s, when John Shepard's Boston station WNAC linked by telephone land lines with Robert Shepard's Providence, Rhode Island station WEAN, so that the two stations could share or exchange programming.[4] Those two stations became the first two Yankee Network stations. In 1930, they were joined by the first affiliated radio stations, including WLBZ in Bangor, Maine; WORC in Worcester, MA; WNBH in New Bedford, MA; and WICC in Bridgeport, Connecticut. During the 1930s, the network became known for developing its own local and regional news bureau, the Yankee News Service.[5] The Yankee Network and the Yankee News Service operated until February 1967.[6]

Early Years

The main benefit of joining the Yankee Network was that it offered its affiliates as much as 17 hours of daily programming.[7] Yankee affiliates were provided with access to some of the best-known Boston vocalists and orchestras, as well as nationally-known entertainers who were appearing in Boston or Providence. For example, a concert by opera star Mary Garden was broadcast,[8] as was a concert by the Providence Symphony Orchestra.[9] Dance music was often played by bandleader Joe Rines and his orchestra,[10] or by other popular bandleaders like Dok Eisenbourg.[11] The Yankee Network also had its own 22-piece orchestra, led by Charles R. Hector.[12] Among other popular entertainers heard on the Yankee Network in the early 1930s were pianist, songwriter and bandleader Gus Arnheim,[13] and local favorites "Hum and Strum." [14] The Yankee Network broadcast radio plays, featuring its own drama troupe, made up of members of the WNAC staff, led by announcer Ben Hadfield.[15] In addition to religious services and educational talks, there were also cultural programs, including excerpts from "The Green Pastures," a play starring black actor Richard B. Harrison;[16] and talks by the region's mayors, governors, and other political leaders.[17] For sports fans, they could hear Boston Braves and Boston Red Sox baseball games, announced by Fred Hoey.[18] College football, broadcast live from various schools in the region, was also a popular feature.[19] In addition to providing local and regional programming, the Yankee Network was also affiliated with the Columbia Broadcasting System (later known as CBS),[20] which provided national programs to complement Yankee's New England focus.

By 1931, the network was also offering regular news broadcasts, on the half-hour, making use of reporting by some of Boston's newspapers.[21] But by 1933,the relationship between print and radio had become contentious, with newspapers no longer willing to provide news to radio stations. The so-called "Press-Radio Agreement" limited the number of newscasts radio stations could broadcast to only two a day, and listeners were very upset that they could no longer hear regular news on the air.[22] In early March 1934, John Shepard III organized his own news bureau, the Yankee News Service, to provide his affiliates with regular local and regional news reports.[23] It replaced the newscasts previously provided by reporters from the Boston Herald-Traveler, Boston American, and Boston Daily Record. Shepard hired Richard D. Grant, a former print journalist from the Boston Evening Transcript, to be in charge of the news broadcasts.[24] Editor in chief was Leland Bickford,[25] who co-wrote a book in 1935 about the first year of the Yankee News Service. The Yankee News Service used the slogan "News while it IS News," intended as a jab at the newspapers, which disseminated news at a slower pace than radio. That was also the title of the book about the creation of the news service.[26] In addition, on February 20, 1938, the Yankee Network debuted its own radio weather service, to provide up-to-date weather information to affiliates.[27] The first chief meteorologist of the Yankee Network Weather Service was Salvatore Pagliuca, who had formerly worked at the Blue Hills Observatory and the Mount Washington Observatory.[28]

Expansion of the Network

Throughout the early-to-mid 1930s, the Yankee Network continued to expand, picking up affiliates in such cities as Springfield, MA, Hartford, Connecticut, and Manchester, New Hampshire.[29] The network also received support from advertisers, who saw it as an effective way to reach an audience that extended throughout New England.[30] In 1935, the Yankee Network centralized its executive offices and studios in a new headquarters, 21 Brookline Avenue in Boston. The move followed a $25,000 renovation of the facilities. Also included in the building were studios and offices of WNAC and WAAB, the network's Boston stations.[31]

One area where the expansion was noticeable was in the news department, which was praised by national magazines like Variety for its coverage of state legislatures, as well as coverage of news-makers throughout New England.[32] There was some early controversy over John Shepard's policy of inserting brief "plugs" (sponsor mentions) into the newscasts, but Shepard defended the practice as necessary in order to support the broadcasts.[33] Gradually, as the network hired more staff and was able to cover stories more extensively, the complaints diminished. By 1939, the Yankee Network was said to be the first regional network to send a full-time reporter, Pete Tully, to Washington DC to cover congress.[34] The Yankee Network also earned praise for its coverage of natural disasters in New England, such as in April 1936, when heavy rainstorms caused flooding in western Massachusetts,[35] or in September 1938, when a hurricane devastated much of Southern New England. Yankee affiliate WMAS in Springfield was instrumental in keeping the public informed, broadcasting weather reports and news coverage around the clock until the storm had ended;[36] and later, WMAS raised funds for on-going disaster relief in the region.[37]

Despite John Shepard's affiliation of his Yankee Network stations with CBS, he still became involved in the founding of a new network, which came to be known as the Mutual Broadcasting System, and he served on its board of directors.[38] Beginning around 1936, the Yankee Network also started to carry some Mutual programs.[39] Meanwhile, there were some changes in Boston radio that affected the Yankee Network. CBS had begun purchasing stations, in addition to providing network programming. In early 1936, CBS purchased Boston's WEEI, making it necessary for Shepard's WNAC to affiliate with a different network, NBC's Red Network.[40] The change officially took place in late September of that year.[41]

In the late 1930s, Shepard had become interested in Frequency Modulation (later known as FM). With the help of the inventor of FM, Major Edwin H. Armstrong, the Yankee Network inaugurated the nation's first FM radio network, beginning with an early January 1940 demonstration of an FM inter-city relay, linking Shepard's experimental FM station W1XOJ in Paxton, Massachusetts, to an FM transmitter at station W1XPW in Meriden, Connecticut, to Armstrong's W2XMN in Alpine, New Jersey, to the parent broadcasting system based in the studios of WEAF in New York.[42] Shepard's FM network officially made its debut in December 1940 when W1XOJ in Paxton, Massachusetts was permanently linked with W1XER, the station on Mt. Washington in New Hampshire.[43] Because of their superior audio quality, the FM stations became known for broadcasting live classical music concerts.[44]

Buster Keaton and WAAB radio host Ruth Moss in an aluminum drive publicity photo for the Yankee Network, 1942.

But while John Shepard III was making plans to further expand the Yankee Network's FM properties,[45] there was a major obstacle. The Yankee Network faced a powerful opponent—the Radio Corporation of America (RCA—ironically, majority owner of NBC), which saw FM as a threat to its established AM radio business.[46] RCA was also concerned that Yankee's technique of "networking" their service around New England via inexpensive, off-air FM relays instead of AT&T phone lines, would open the door to many less well-funded groups establishing competition to RCA's established network, NBC. RCA, under general manager David Sarnoff, successfully pressured the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to move the FM radio spectrum from 42–50 MHz to 88–108 MHz in 1945. This required massive hardware retooling at all FM broadcasters. Some affiliates dropped out, forcing the Yankee Network to lease phone lines from AT&T to fill in the holes between stations. The added costs to broadcasters and the obsolescence of all FM radios at the time set back FM broadcasting for a decade or more.

Despite the setback with FM, the Yankee Network seemed to be doing well. There were a number of popular programs, including "Ruth Moss Interviews," featuring conversations with local and national celebrities;[47] a variety show called "Yankee House Party," featuring organist Frank Cronin and the Bobby Norris Orchestra, which was also picked up by the Mutual Network;[48] as well as various sports events, including Red Sox and Braves play-by-play, often announced by Jim Britt, who had been hired as a sportscaster by the Yankee Network in 1939.[49] In mid-1941, it was announced that the network would soon change from its affiliation with NBC to a full-time affiliation with Mutual.[50] In March 1942, the network debuted six new studios, including one especially equipped for FM, as well as several with better acoustics and new musical instruments for the Yankee Network's orchestras; one studio featured a custom-designed organ, said to be the largest in use at any radio station.[51]

Controversies and Problems

In 1938, a former Yankee Network employee named Lawrence J. Flynn challenged the license of Shepard's WAAB in Boston, and also lodged a complaint about WNAC. Flynn asserted that these stations were being used to air one-sided political viewpoints and broadcast attacks (including editorials) against local politicians that Shepard opposed.[52] The FCC requested that Shepard provide details about these programs, and to appease the commission, the Yankee Network agreed to drop the editorials. But Flynn created a company called Mayflower Broadcasting and tried to get the FCC to award him WAAB's license; however, the FCC refused. Instead, in 1941, the commission made a ruling that came to be known as the Mayflower Decision which declared that radio stations, due to their public interest obligations, must remain neutral in matters of news and politics, and they were not allowed to give editorial support to any particular political position or candidate.[53] The decision was very unpopular with broadcasters, who saw it as a form of censorship. But despite widespread dissatisfaction, the FCC did not officially reverse the Mayflower Decision until 1949.[54]

In 1941, the FCC ruled that owners could not own more than one station in the same city. Shepard owned two Boston stations: WNAC and its sister station WAAB. To comply with the FCC's ruling, Shepard needed to move WAAB. He decided to relocate it to Worcester, a market that Yankee did not serve at that point[55] WAAB, which made its debut broadcast from Worcester on December 13, 1942, was now the Mutual and Yankee affiliate in central Massachusetts.[56]

In mid-December 1942, it was suddenly announced that the Yankee Network was being sold; the news caught most people in Boston's broadcasting community by surprise, as it was not generally known that the network was for sale. The purchaser was General Tire and Rubber Company of Akron, Ohio, led by its president William O'Neil. The new owner agreed that John Shepard III would stay on at the head of the Yankee Network for the next five years.[57]

In 1947, the Yankee Network's flagship station, WNAC, celebrated its 25th anniversary, but this milestone was commemorated in a very low-key manner.[58] And while Shepard continued on as head of the network, he was now in poor health; the day-to-date operation of the network was being handled by Executive Vice President and General Manager Linus Travers, a veteran of the network who had worked for Shepard since being hired in 1927 as an announcer and commercial manager.[59] When Travers was promoted to an executive position at Mutual in September 1948,[60] he was replaced by another long-time employee of the Yankee Network, George Steffy.[61] In December 1948, John Shepard Jr., who had run the Shepard Department Stores and provided early financial support for his son John III's radio venture, died at age 91.[62] John Shepard III died from heart disease in mid-June 1950, at age 64.[63]

Meanwhile, television had come to Boston in early June 1948, when WBZ-TV debuted; the Yankee Network's TV station, WNAC-TV made its debut several weeks later, on June 21.[64] But as the Yankee Network expanded into TV, it experienced some labor problems. In early May 1949, all of the network's eighty engineers, both from radio and television, went out on strike, to protest what were said to be steep wage cuts the ownership was asking them to take.[65] Managers and other executives kept the stations on the air, but some remote broadcasts had to be canceled, including the scheduled telecasts of the Boston Braves home games.[66] Also, some announcers refused to cross the picket lines, requiring management to do some of the announcing during the strike. The pay dispute, which made the national news, took sixteen days to resolve and required the help of an arbitrator.[67] The strike finally ended after the proposed wage cuts were canceled and a new salary agreement was reached, at which time the engineers and announcers returned to work.[68]

The Yankee Network's Final Years

In the early-to-mid 1950s, the Yankee Network continued doing what it had become known for: providing local news, daytime programs aimed at housewives, music from local orchestras, and live sports broadcasts. Among the most popular personalities on the Yankee Network during this time were Bill Hahn and Ruth Mugglebee, who hosted a daily homemaking and cooking show (in 1955, Bill Hahn got a different female co-host, Duncan MacDonald;[69] news commentator and (print reporter) Bill Cunningham; and Louise Morgan, who had begun her career on radio at WNAC in 1943 and was now also seen on WNAC-TV hosting a fashion and celebrity interview program. In the summer of 1953, WNAC in Boston was able to switch to a better dial frequency, after Lawrence, Massachusetts radio station WLAW (owned by the Lawrence Eagle and Tribune newspaper) decided to cease broadcasting, and its owner, Irving E. Rogers, sold the station. WLAW had been occupying 680 kHz, while WNAC had been at 1260 kHz; thanks to the sale of WLAW, the 680 frequency became available and WNAC moved there; the 1260 AM frequency was purchased by Victor C. Diehm, a station owner from Hazelton, Pennsylvania.[70] After operating station WVDA in Boston, Diehm would later go on to become president of the Mutual network.[71]

As top-40 radio became dominant on AM in the late 1950s, the Yankee Network continued to program for an audience that was now aging. In fact, at many stations, the programming content was undergoing a number of changes: for one thing, few stations had live orchestras any more. And with television becoming popular, many programs previously heard only on radio moved over to TV. Even soap operas, long a staple of network programming on radio, ceased in 1960.[72] Also during this time period, many stations stopped relying on syndicated programs from NBC, CBS, ABC, or Mutual and began to do their own programming: in Boston, for example, WBZ ended its long affiliation with NBC to program its own music, using live and local announcers.[73] Just like with WBZ, the emphasis at many radio stations had shifted to playing records. And as the top-40 hit format proliferated, in an effort to attract the growing youth audience, WNAC and the Yankee Network stayed with the older music; this earned them praise from a number of newspaper columnists, many of whom were also getting older and found top-40 unpleasant. For them, WNAC's and the Yankee Network's emphasis on "great standards" and songs with "beautiful melodies" was very comforting.[74] The Yankee stations, especially flagship WNAC, played the music that the older audience enjoyed, avoiding songs that were popular with young people and focusing on "easy listening" music.[75] One popular announcer during this time was Gus Saunders, who was also well-known as the host of another of the Yankee Network's cooking programs; in addition, Saunders announced some of the network's sports events, such as Boston's BAA Marathon.[76] Another popular announcer was Vin Maloney, who like Saunders, fulfilled a wide range of functions for WNAC and the Yankee Network, including announcing, news-reading, and covering sports. The Yankee News Service remained popular throughout the 1950s, and listeners relied on it for local news and sports; this was especially true in the summer of 1957, when Boston's newspapers went on strike. WNAC, WNAC-TV, and the entire Yankee Network increased the amount of hourly newscasts, added more news bulletins, and sent out members of its Boston staff to post news headlines on billboards around the city.[77]

But despite its reputation for news, easy-listening music, and shows that homemakers enjoyed, the Yankee Network was no longer as influential as it had once been. After experimenting with various formats (including talk radio, big band, and a brief attempt to play some of the softer top 40 hits), Yankee found itself struggling for a niche. Affiliates had dwindled: a majority of stations now preferred to have their own local staff, rather than relying on a regional network.[78] Further, flagship station WNAC was preparing to switch to a top-40 hit music format (under the call letters WRKO).[79] The Yankee Network's parent company, RKO General, announced the network would be disbanded. It officially ceased operation on February 26, 1967.

List of affiliates in 1932 (8 stations)

Connecticut (2 stations)

Massachusetts (3 stations)

Maine (1 station)

New Hampshire (1 station)

Rhode Island (1 station)

Source: Broadcasting, March 15, 1932.[80]

List of affiliates in 1939 (17 stations)

Connecticut (3 stations)

Maine (4 stations)

Massachusetts (7 stations)

New Hampshire (2 stations)

Rhode Island (1 station)

References

  1. ↑ Francis G. Jenkins. "New radio Station Chain Under Way. Washington Post, February 2, 1930, p. F5.
  2. ↑ "Yankee Web's Comeuppance Via 24 Outlets." Variety, October 23, 1946, p. 31.
  3. ↑ "Yankee Network is Being Formed." New York Times, February 9, 1930, p. X20.
  4. ↑ "Sporting Events Featured at WNAC." Boston Herald, July 5, 1925, p. D5.
  5. ↑ "News Listeners Cry Out Against Limited Programs." Christian Science Monitor, March 5, 1934, p. 4.
  6. ↑ Joseph T. Sullivan. "Golden Music to Replace WNAC Talk." Boston Herald, February 15, 1967, p. 31.
  7. ↑ "Yankee Network Becomes Reality." Boston Globe, July 13, 1930, p. 51.
  8. ↑ "Two Operas Will Be Broadcast." Boston Herald, February 1, 1931, p. B8.
  9. ↑ "Symphony on Air from Providence." Boston Herald, May 1, 1932, p. 10A.
  10. ↑ "Joe Rines Orchestra for Scott Furriers." Boston Herald, September 25, 1932, p. 30.
  11. ↑ "Eisenbourg to Start New Series on Chain." Boston Herald, June 5, 1932, p. 5A
  12. ↑ Francis G. Jenkins. "New radio Station Chain Under Way. Washington Post, February 2, 1930, p. F5.
  13. ↑ "Gus Arnheim on Yankee Network." Boston Herald, November 22, 1931, p. A5.
  14. ↑ "WNAC Anniversary on Forty Stations." Boston Herald, July 27, 1930, p. 27.
  15. ↑ "On the Air." Boston Herald, April 29, 1932, p. 40.
  16. ↑ "Members of Green Pastures Company in Half-Hour Broadcast." Springfield (MA) Republican, October 2, 1932, p. 6C.
  17. ↑ "Secretary Dern at Irish Dinner." Springfield MA) Republican, March 17, 1933, p. 21.
  18. ↑ "Fred Hoey to Report Baseball for WNAC." Boston Herald, April 21, 1931, p. C7.
  19. ↑ "First Football Game on Yankee Network." Springfield (MA) Republican, September 24, 1932, p. 8.
  20. ↑ "WNAC Anniversary on Forty Stations." Boston Herald, July 27, 1930, p. 27.
  21. ↑ Mark J. Staples. "Yankee Network Has Cooperative News Arrangements with New England Press." Broadcasting, December 1, 1931, p. 10.
  22. ↑ "News Listeners Cry Out Against Limited Programs." Christian Science Monitor, March 5, 1934, p. 4.
  23. ↑ "John Shepard Organizes Own News Bureau to Feed Yankee Network." Variety, February 27, 1934, p. 39.
  24. ↑ "Radio News Cut to Tabloid Size from March 1." Christian Science Monitor, February 28, 1934, pp 1, 4.
  25. ↑ "Yankee News Marks 25th Anniversary on TV Today." Boston Globe, March 1, 1959, p. 55.
  26. ↑ Leland Bickford, with Walter Fogg. News While It Is News: The Real Story of the Radio News. Boston: Manthorne & Co., 1935.
  27. ↑ "Radio Weather Service for New England." Christian Science Monitor, February 15, 1938, p. 10.
  28. ↑ "Military Rights for Maj. Pagliuca." Boston Herald, May 4, 1944, p. 21.
  29. ↑ "We Pay Our Respects." Broadcasting, August 15, 1932, p. 17.
  30. ↑ "WDRC Signs For Yankee Broadcasts." Hartford Courant, December 21, 1930, p.16A.
  31. ↑ "Yankee Network Offices And Studios Centralized In Remodeled Quarters" (PDF). Broadcasting. April 15, 1935. Retrieved 24 October 2014.
  32. ↑ "Yankee Network News Flashes." Variety, March 27, 1934, p. 38.
  33. ↑ "Yankee Web Seeds Disguised Blurbs Into News Service-- Public No Like." Variety, April 3, 1935, p. 39.
  34. ↑ "Yankee's Washington Newsman." Broadcasting, June 1, 1939, p. 22.
  35. ↑ Norman Corwin, "City's Ether Vibrated with Phenomenal Precedent as Spectacular Broadcasts Told Nation of the Flood." Springfield (MA) Sunday Republican, April 12, 1936, p. E1.
  36. ↑ "Radio Again Succors Stricken Region." Broadcasting, October 1, 1938, p. 66
  37. ↑ "Western Mass. Red Cross Issues Joint Plea over WMAS Tonight." Springfield (MA) Republican, November 13, 138, p. 3.
  38. ↑ Christopher Sterling and Michael Keith. Sounds of Change: A History of FM Broadcasting in America. University of North Carolina Press, 2008, p. 24.
  39. ↑ "Networks Now Changed Over." Boston Herald, September 27, 1936, p. 4C.
  40. ↑ "Transfer of WEEI to CBS Approved." Broadcasting, July 1, 1936, p. 76.
  41. ↑ "WEEI and WNAC Change Networks." Boston Herald, September 27, 1936, p. C3.
  42. ↑ "Short Wave Replaces Wires to Link Radio Chain in Test." Christian Science Monitor, January 6, 1940, p. 1.
  43. ↑ "Chain of Staticless Stations Organized by Shepard Group." Christian Science Monitor, May 6, 1941, p. 18.
  44. ↑ "Boston String Orchestra in Debut Over FM." Boston Herald, January 11, 1942, p. 4B.
  45. ↑ "He Sees Broadcasting by FM Replacing Present Type in East." Christian Science Monitor, July 31, 1942, p. 4.
  46. ↑ Giles Slade. Made to Break: Technology and Obsolescence in America. Harvard University Press, 2007, pp. 89-90.
  47. ↑ "Three Major Boston Stations Shift Networks Tomorrow." Boston Herald, June 14, 1942, p. 25.
  48. ↑ "Yankee House Party Joins Mutual Network." Boston Herald, August 2, 1942, p. 26.
  49. ↑ "Jim Britt in WNAC Radio Debut." Boston Herald, December 16, 1939, p. 17.
  50. ↑ "WNAC, WEAN Join Mutual Network Soon." Christian Science Monitor, April 23, 141, p. 13.
  51. ↑ "Big Opening for Yankee's New Studios." Boston Traveler, March 20, 1942, p. 5.
  52. ↑ "Radio Ruling Tells Stations to Avoid Bias." Christian Science Monitor, January 17, 1941, p. 9.
  53. ↑ Victor Pickard. America's Battle for Media Democracy. Cambridge University Press, 2014, p. 104.
  54. ↑ Eric Barnouw. A History of Broadcasting in the United States: The Golden Web. Oxford University Press, 1968, p. 292.
  55. ↑ "Shepard Applying for WAAB Shift." Broadcasting, June 9, 1941, p. 9.
  56. ↑ "WAAB On the Air From Worcester." Broadcasting, December 14, 1942, p. 10.
  57. ↑ "Yankee Network is Sold to General Tire Company." Christian Science Monitor, December 16, 1942, p. 3.
  58. ↑ "WNAC Marks Its 25th Year on Air in N.E." Christian Science Monitor, July 31, 1947, p. 4.
  59. ↑ "New Commercial Director at WNAC." Boston Globe, June 23, 1928, p. 6.
  60. ↑ "Travers Named to Executive Staff of Mutual System." Boston Herald, September 30, 1948, p. 15.
  61. ↑ "Steffy Named Director of Yankee Network." Boston Herald, October 1, 1948, p. 9.
  62. ↑ "Shepard Rites in Florida." Boston Herald, December 22, 1948, p. 25.
  63. ↑ "Rites are Held in Brookline for John Shepard." Boston Traveler, June 13, 1950, p. 41.
  64. ↑ "Both WNAC and WBZ to Televise Convention." Boston Globe, Jun 19, 1948, p. 11.
  65. ↑ "Strike Halts Yankee Network Air, TV Shows." Boston Globe, May 4, 1949, p. 1.
  66. ↑ "Fail to End Network Strike, Game Off Video." Boston Globe, May 7, 1949, p. 2.
  67. ↑ "Arbitration Move Due Today in Try to End Radio Strike." Boston Globe, May 11, 1949, p. 17.
  68. ↑ "Yankee Network Strike Ends with no Wage Slash." Boston Herald, May 18, 1949, p. 1.
  69. ↑ "Network People." Broadcasting, November 7, 1955, p. 80.
  70. ↑ "Seek FCC Approval for WLAW Sale." Broadcasting, May 11, 1953, p. 60.
  71. ↑ "Victor Diehm, Broadcast Executive, Dies at 77." Greensboro (NC) Record, August 18, 1980, p. 12.
  72. ↑ George B. Merry. "Soap Operas Go; A Happy Ending." Christian Science Monitor, November 26, 1960, p. 1.
  73. ↑ "WBZ to Drop NBC Shows; WBZ-TV Still in Network." Boston Globe, July 16, 1956, p. 8.
  74. ↑ Anthony LaCamera. "Editor Finds WNAC Tops for Popular Music." Boston Evening American, August 23, 1955, p. 22.
  75. ↑ Anthony LaCamera. "Like to be on the $64,000 Quiz?" Boston Evening American, July 8, 1955,p. 38.
  76. ↑ Anthony LaCamera, "Baseball Tomorrow." Boston Evening American, April 18, 1958, p. 5.
  77. ↑ "Radio-TV Carry the Ball in Boston, Detroit." Broadcasting, August 26, 1957, p. 81.
  78. ↑ Joseph T. Sullivan. "Yankee Network Soon to be Dissolved." Boston Herald, January 31, 1967, p. 35.
  79. ↑ Anthony LaCamera. "Big Shake-Up Due on WNAC." Boston Record-American, February 6, 1967, p. 26.
  80. ↑ "WFEA Joins Net" (PDF). Broadcasting. March 15, 1932. Retrieved 1 October 2014.

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