Yasuke

Yasuke, (variously rendered as 弥助 or 弥介, 彌助 or 彌介 in different sources.[1]) (c. 1555/6-?) was a black (African, or of African origin) retainer who was in the duke of the Japanese hegemon and warlord Oda Nobunaga between 1581 and 1582. The name "Yasuke" was granted to him by Nobunaga, although why and when is unclear. His original name is not recorded in any known source, so it is unclear if Yasuke is a Japanese rendering of his previous name, or a wholly new name granted by his lord.

Contemporary Accounts

A Nanban group traveling in Japan

According to Histoire Ecclesiastique Des Isles Et Royaumes Du Japon, written by François Solier of the Society of Jesus in 1627, Yasuke was a Muslim from Mozambique.[2] Solier's account may however have been an assumption as it was written so long after the event and there is no surviving contemporary account that corroborates it. Therefore, although there is no evidence, it is also possible that he also came from Portugal, Angola or Ethiopia, and he could conceivably originally have been an African mercenary in the employ of an Indian sovereign, of which there were many at this time.[3]

A 2013 investigation by the light entertainment television program Discovery of the World's Mysteries (世界ふしぎ発見) suggested that Yasuke was a Makua named Yasufe.[4] However, this was a highly journalistic investigation, the program provided little proof for their conclusions and the Makua didn't have any significant conflict with the Portuguese based on the Island of Mozambique until 1585 [5] He may, however, have been a member of the Yao people, who were just coming in to contact with the Portuguese at this time, which might account for his name, 'Yao' added to the common Japanese male name suffix of 'suke'.[5]

Yasuke probably arrived in Japan in 1579 as the Master of the Italian Jesuit Alessandro Valignano, who had been appointed the Visitor (inspector) of the Jesuit missions in the Indies, meaning East Africa, South and East Asia. He accompanied Valignano when the latter came to the capital area in March 1581 and caused something of a sensation. In one event, several people were crushed to death while clamouring to get a look at him, the Jesuits feared their church would be flattened but they managed to avert disaster. Nobunaga heard the noise from the temple where he was staying and expressed a desire to see him. Suspecting the black color of his skin to be black ink, Nobunaga had him strip from the waist up and made him scrub his skin.[6] These events are recorded in a 1581 letter of the Jesuit Luis Frois to Lorenço Mexia and in the 1582 Annual Report of the Jesuit Mission in Japan, also by Frois. These were published in 'Cartas que os padres e irmãos da Companhia de Jesus escreverão dos reynos de Japão e China II', normally known simply as 'Cartas', in 1598.[7] Satisfied that he was in fact black, Nobunaga seems to have taken a shine to him, and at some point, although when is not clear, he was either given (Japanese accounts indicate him presented to Nobunaga, although European accounts do not mention this) or allowed to enter Nobunaga's service.

The "Lord Nobunaga Chronicle" (信長公記 Shinchōkōki) corroborates Frois' account, and describes their meeting thus: "On the 23rd of the 2nd month [March 23, 1581], a black page (黒坊主 "kuro-bōzu") came from the Christian countries. The man was healthy and good-looking with a good demeanour. Moreover, Nobunaga praised Yasuke's strength, describing it as that of ten normal men. Nobunaga's nephew, probably Tsuda Nobusumi,[5] gave him a sum of money at this first meeting.

In May, Yasuke went with Nobunaga to his castle at Azuchi, where he was observed by the diarist Matsudaira Ietada, and was described as 6 shaku 2 sun (6 ft. 2 in., or 188 cm.). He was black, and his skin was like charcoal." If so, his tall stature would have been very imposing to the Japanese of the time, even to a tall man like Nobunaga. Matsudaira stated that the name Yasuke was bestowed upon him by Nobunaga himself, a deep honour in the Japan of the day. Matsudaira also observed him on return from a campaign against the Takeda clan in early 1582, and said that he appeared to be greatly in Nobunaga's favour. It is likely that Yasuke could speak considerable Japanese, perhaps due to Valignano's efforts to ensure his missionaries adapted to the local culture better,[5] because Nobunaga enjoyed talking with him (there is no indication that Nobunaga spoke Portuguese and it is unlikely that Yasuke would have been able to communicate in classical Chinese, the oriental lingua franca of the time). He seems to have become a close retainer, and was perhaps the only non-Japanese 'warrior' that Nobunaga had in his retinue,[5] which could account for his rapid rise in favour and status. People in Azuchi even said he might be made a lord (殿 tono), however this did not happen, but he was granted the samurai rank which came with a considerable stipend. Yasuke was also mentioned in the prototype of Shinchōkōki owned by Sonkeikaku Bunko (尊経閣文庫), the archives of the Maeda Clan. According to this, Yasuke was given his own residence and a short, ceremonial katana by Nobunaga. Nobunaga also assigned him the duty of weapon bearer.[8]

In June 1582, Nobunaga was attacked and forced to seppuku in Honnō-ji in Kyoto by the army of Akechi Mitsuhide. Yasuke was also there at the time and fought the Akechi forces. Immediately after Nobunaga's death, Yasuke went to the join Nobunaga's heir Oda Nobutada who was trying to rally the Oda forces at Nijō Castle. Yasuke fought alongside the Nobutada forces for a long time but he surrendered his sword to Akechi's men. They asked Akechi himself what to do with him. Akechi said that the black man was a beast and did not know anything, and furthermore, he was not Japanese, so they should not kill him but take him to the nanban-dera or nanban-ji (南蛮寺, literally the temple of the southern barbarians, how the Japanese referred to the Jesuit church).[6][9] It is said that the reason why Akechi spoke it such a manner was a form of taking pity on him, i.e. giving a clear reason why not to kill him. Black people were not in fact discriminated against in Japan at this time, in fact they were even admired, for the Buddha was often portrayed in black in Japanese temples .[6] However, perhaps Akechi also did not want to offend the Jesuits, needing all the friends he could get at this time of political turmoil.[10] This was much to the relief of the Jesuits there who calmed him down and thanked God for his deliverance. There is no further written information about him after this although Frois, in his 'History of Japan, does mention a black African gunner in the service of Arima Harunobu in 1584, shortly after Yasuke's time with Nobunaga.[11] This is highly likely to be a different man however, and there were many Africans in the service of Japanese and European employers, as well as independently employed men, in Japan at this time.[5]

Popular culture

Yasuke was featured in the children's historical fiction novel, Kuro-suke (くろ助) by Yoshio Kurusu (1916-2001) with illustrations by Genjirou Minoda, published in 1968. It features a highly fictionalized and sympathetic account of Yasuke's life in Japan under Nobunaga. It received the Japanese Association of Writers for Children Prize in 1969.[12] He has also appeared in numerous movies and dramas about Nobunaga.

See also

References

Specific

Lockley,T. (in press, 2016) The story of Yasuke: Nobunaga’s black retainer, 桜文論叢、91

  1. ↑ 彌(ya) is the old-style kanji of 弥(ya). 助(suke) and 介(suke) are homophonic kanji. Like this replacement of homophonic was often seen in Edo period.
  2. ↑ Histoire Ecclesiastique Des Isles Et Royaumes Du Japon, vol.1, p.444. Retrieved 2013-06-22.
  3. ↑ Lockley,T. (in press, 2016) The story of Yasuke: Nobunaga’s black retainer, 桜文論叢、91.
  4. ↑ http://www.tbs.co.jp/f-hakken/bknm/20130608/p_1.html
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Lockley,T. (in press, 2016) The story of Yasuke: Nobunaga’s black retainer, 桜文論叢、91
  6. 1 2 3 Fujita, Midori (2005). アフリカ「発見」日本におけるアフリカ像の変遷 [Discover Africa―History of African image in Japan (World History series)] (in Japanese). Iwanami Shoten. ISBN 978-4000268530.
  7. ↑ 1581 letters of the Jesuits Luis Frois and Lorenço Mexia
  8. ↑ 「織田信長という歴史　『信長記』の彼方へ」、　Bensei Shuppan:Tokyo,　2009,　pp.311-312.
  9. ↑ Murakami, Naojiro; Yanagitani, Takeo (2002). イエズス会日本年報 上 (新異国叢書) [Society of Jesus - Japan Annual Report, first volume (New Foreign country book series)] (in Japanese). Yushodo-shuppan. ISBN 978-4841910001.
  10. ↑ Lockley,T. (in press, 2016) The story of Yasuke: Nobunaga’s black retainer. 桜文論叢], 91
  11. ↑ Lockley,T. (in press, 2016) The story of Yasuke: Nobunaga’s black retainer. Ohmonronso, 91.
  12. ↑ International Institute for Children's Literature, Osaka, One Hundred Japanese Books for Children 1946-1979: Kuro-suke, retrieved on: June 30, 2007
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