Yeast display

Yeast display (or yeast surface display) is a technique used in the field of protein engineering. The yeast display technique was first published by the laboratory of Professor K. Dane Wittrup.^[1] The technology was sold to Abbott Laboratories in 2001.^[2]

A protein of interest is displayed as a fusion to the Aga2p protein on the surface of yeast. The Aga2p protein is naturally used by yeast to mediate cell–cell contacts during yeast cell mating. As such, display of a protein via Aga2p projects the protein away from the cell surface, minimizing potential interactions with other molecules on the yeast cell wall. The use of magnetic separation and flow cytometry in conjunction with a yeast display library is a highly effective method to isolate high affinity protein ligands against nearly any receptor through directed evolution.

Advantages and disadvantages of yeast display

Advantages of yeast display over other in vitro evolution methods include eukaryotic expression and processing, quality control mechanisms of the eukaryotic secretory pathway, minimal avidity effects, and quantitative library screening through fluorescent-activated cell sorting (FACS). Yeast are eukaryotic organisms that allow for complex post-translational modifications to proteins that no other display libraries are able to provide.

Disadvantages include smaller mutant library sizes compared to alternative methods and differential glycosylation in yeast compared to mammalian cells. These disadvantages have not limited the success of yeast display for a number of applications, including engineering the highest monovalent ligand-binding affinity reported to date for an engineered protein (Boder, E.T. 2000) Currently the yeast display library created by Boder is non-longer available as the INVSc1 cell line from Invitrogen is no longer available due to IP issues.

Alternative methods for protein evolution in vitro are mammalian display, phage display, ribosome display, bacterial display, and mRNA display.

References

Boder, E.T., Wittrup, K.D.; Nat. Biotech., 1997, 15, 553–57.
Boder, E.T., Wittrup, K.D.; Biotechnol. Prog., 1998, 14, 55–62.
Boder E.T., Midelfort K.S., Wittrup K.D.; Proc Nat Acad Sci, 2000, 97(20):10701-10705.
Graff, C.P., Chester, K., Begent, R., Wittrup, K.D.; Prot. Eng. Des. Sel., 2004, 17, 293–304.
Feldhaus M, Siegel R.; Methods in Molecular Biology 263:311–332 (2004).
Weaver-Feldhaus, J.; Lou, J.; Coleman, J.; Siegel, R.; Marks, J.; Feldhaus, M. (2004). "Yeast mating for combinatorial Fab library generation and surface display". FEBS Letters 564 (1-2): 24–34. doi:10.1016/S0014-5793(04)00309-6. PMID 15094038.

Notes

↑ First yeast display publication: Boder, E.T., Wittrup, K.D.; "Yeast surface display for screening combinatorial polypeptide libraries," Nat. Biotech., Jun 1997, 15, 553–57.
↑ http://www.news.uiuc.edu/NEWS/01/1221biodisplaytechnology.html

Proteins: key methods of study

Experimental	Protein purification Green fluorescent protein Western blot Protein immunostaining Protein sequencing Gel electrophoresis/Protein electrophoresis Protein immunoprecipitation Peptide mass fingerprinting/Protein mass spectrometry Dual-polarization interferometry Microscale thermophoresis Chromatin immunoprecipitation Surface plasmon resonance Isothermal titration calorimetry X-ray crystallography Protein NMR Cryo-electron microscopy Freeze-fracture electron microscopy

Bioinformatics	Protein structure prediction Protein–protein docking Protein structural alignment Protein ontology Protein–protein interaction prediction

Assay	Enzyme assay Protein assay Secretion assay

Display techniques	Bacterial display mRNA display Phage display Ribosome display Yeast display

Super-resolution microscopy	Photoactivated localization microscopy Vertico SMI

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