Emperor Shengzong of Liao

Emperor Shengzong of Liao
Emperor of the Liao dynasty
Reign	14 October 982 – 25 June 1031
Predecessor	Emperor Jingzong
Successor	Emperor Xingzong
Born	Wenshunu (Khitan name) Yelü Deguang (sinicised name) 16 January 972
Died	25 June 1031 (aged 59)
Empress	Xiao Pusage
Concubine	Xiao Noujin Consort Puwei Consort Jiang Consort Xiao Consort Xiao Consort Ma Consort Da Consort Bai Consort Li Consort Ai Consort Sun
Issue	Sons: Yelü Zongzhen Yelü Zhongyuan Yelü Biegute Yelü Wuge Yelü Gou'er Yelü Hougu Daughters: Yelü Yange Yelü Yanmu Yelü Shuogu Yelü Cuiba Yelü Taoge Yelü Dianni Yelü Jiuge Yelü Changshou Yelü Bage Yelü Shige Yelü Boshi Yelü Taige Yelü Saige Yelü Xingge
Era dates Qianheng (乾亨; 982) Tonghe (統和; 983-1012) Kaitai (開泰; 1012-1021) Taiping (太平; 1021-1031) Posthumous name Wenwu Daxiao Xuan Huangdi (文武大孝宣皇帝) Temple name Shengzong
Father	Emperor Jingzong
Mother	Xiao Chuo

Emperor Shengzong of Liao
Traditional Chinese	遼聖宗
Simplified Chinese	辽圣宗
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Liáo Shèngzōng
Wenshunu (Khitan name)
Chinese	文殊奴
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Wénshùnú
Yelü Longxu (sinicised name)
Traditional Chinese	耶律隆緒
Simplified Chinese	耶律隆绪
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Yēlǜ Lóngxù

Emperor Shengzong of Liao (16 January 972 – 25 June 1031), personal name Wenshunu, sinicised name Yelü Longxu, was the sixth emperor of the Khitan-led Liao dynasty.

Conflict with the Northern Song dynasty

Emperor Shengzong succeeded his father, Emperor Jingzong, at the age of 12 in 982. As he was too young to rule at the time, his mother, Empress Dowager Xiao, became the regent.

Emperor Taizong of the Northern Song dynasty sought to take advantage of the situation by launching an invasion on the Liao dynasty's southern capital (present-day Beijing) in the contentious Sixteen Prefectures in 986. Three large Song armies were sent to three different strategic locations on the approach to the southern capital. While initially successful, the young Emperor Shengzong, along with Empress Dowager Xiao, led an army of Liao cavalry to counter the enemy and defeated the Song forces at the Battle of the Qigou Pass in June.^[1] Empress Dowager Xiao appointed Yelü Xiuge as her senior general to continue attacks on the Song dynasty in retaliation until the following year.

In 1004, the Liao dynasty carried out a large-scale invasion of Song territory, camping out in the town of Shanyuan, about 100 miles north of the Song capital of Kaifeng. This resulted in the Treaty of Shanyuan, signed in mid-January 1005. According to this treaty, the Song dynasty would pay an annual tribute of 200,000 bolts of silk and 100,000 taels of silver to the Liao dynasty in exchange for peace.^[2] This arrangement would remain in place with modifications until the end of the Liao dynasty, and in fact, the Jurchens could continue this arrangement with the Song dynasty with the founding of their Jin dynasty.

Examination system

Emperor Shengzong also institutionalised state examinations for the selection of officials, which was done in 988, based on models used by the Han Chinese-led Tang and Song dynasties. Despite the importance of the return of the examination system, it initially only opened the road for very small numbers, as only three to five were awarded initially, and the number only increased to between 30 and 130 candidates passing the triennial exams by 1014.

Most jinshi degree holders were not even appointed to office as Khitan aristocrats were far more likely to receive appointments. Khitan people receiving appointments were specifically through patronage as they were expressly prohibited from taking the examinations.^[3]

Spread of Buddhism

Emperor Shengzong began the active patronage of Buddhism, rebuilding temples such as the Monastery of Solitary Joy. Within a century of his reign, an estimated 10% of the Liao population were Buddhist monks or nuns, though this figure may have been exaggerated. While the Khitans did not associate Buddhism with the Chinese people because it was seen more as a Uyghur religion and thus not the religion of the Chinese, who they saw as inferior, what is not clear is the extent that Buddhism penetrated the Khitan population, as the bulk of Buddhist shrines and temples were located in the southern part of the domains of the Liao where the largely Chinese sedentary population resided. There is evidence to suggest that the Khitan populace maintained their animistic belief systems along with their rituals.^[4]

Innovations

During the rule of Emperor Shengzong, the Liao dynasty instituted feudal reform, spurring its economy. Prior to this, it had depended on territorial expansion, slavery and thievery. Under Emperor Shengzong's rule, most slaves were liberated, becoming normal members of society. The most important parts of the economy from then on were animal husbandry, particularly horse and sheep raising, as well as agriculture and fishing. During Emperor Shengzong's reign, the Liao dynasty enjoyed peace and prosperity, so it is widely praised that Emperor Shengzong's reign was a golden age of the Liao dynasty

Goryeo-Khitan Wars

• Goryeo-Khitan Wars

Notes

1. [Mote p. 68-71]
2. [Mote p. 68-71, 115–116]
3. [Mote p. 76-81]
4. [Mote p. 81-86]

References

• Mote, F.W. (1999). Imperial China: 900-1800. Harvard University Press. pp. 68–71, 76–86, 115–116.