Yepachic

Yepáchic (= Yepachi), Chihuahua, Mexico

Yepáchic is a community in the western part of the Mexican State of Chihuahua, approximately 10 km east of the boundary with the State of Sonora. It is located in the Municipio de Temósachic at an altitude of 1780 meters in the Sierra Madre Occidental. Many of the people of the region are members of the indigenous ethnic group called Mountain Pima or the Pima Bajo. They are related to the Pima and Papago (Tohono O’odham) of Arizona and northern Sonora, speaking a similar but distinct language.[1]

Spanish mission church in Yepachi, Chihuahua, Mexico

Most maps give the name as Yepáchic, but the citizens in the town and the road signs in the vicinity spell it Yepachi. The population in 2010 was officially listed as 851, but this number swells to a few thousand on the holidays when people from small hamlets in the surrounding region congregate in Yepáchic.

The climate of the region is one of the coolest in all of Mexico. Snow is not uncommon for the region in the winter. Spring and Fall are dry seasons, with thunderstorms prevalent in late summer.[2][3] Predominant vegetation in the region is a mixed forest of pine and oak.[4] Mountains are frequently rather steep, often with loose crumbling soil preventing easy travel. South of Yepáchic, there is a deep canyon with thorny, scrub vegetation characteristic of more arid regions.[5]

Some of the flatter regions have been cleared for farming. The people of the region plant maize, beans, squash, potatoes, and various other crops. They also raise cattle, goats, pigs, chickens, turkeys, and other livestock. The local people eat most of the crops themselves, but most of the cattle raised is sold to buyers from the lowlands. There is also lumbering in the region, a needed source of income for the people of the area.[6]

History

Yepáchic traces its recorded history to 1677, when Jesuit (Compañía de Jésus) missionaries settled in the area. The rugged terrain had prevented Spanish attempts at pacification of the region before that date. The old mission church built in Yepáchic is still in use today, the only such mission church still standing in the region.[7]

Interior of Spanish mission church in Yepachi, Chihuahua, Mexico

Yepáchic was affected in the 17th Century by anti-Spanish uprisings by the Tarahumara to the south, and later in the 19th Century by Apache raids from the north. The town was briefly abandoned several times because of these conflicts.[8]

As recently as the 1890s, virtually all the residents of Yepáchic were of Pima heritage. In more recent decades, mestizos from the Mexican lowlands have migrated into the area, and now own most of the homes and nearly all the shops in the center of town. Pima continue to inhabit outlying areas.[8]

The region continued to be isolated and largely untouched by the outside world through the middle of the 20th Century.[8] There was no road into the area until the 1930s, when a primitive dirt road was built. A much better gravel road replaced this in the 1970s, crossing the mountains and allowing traffic to cross the mountains for the first time. This road was paved in 1990, resulting in regular bus service and a large amount of commercial trucking between Chihuahua and Hermosillo passing through the Pima region.

Anthropology

There have been several anthropological and ethnobotanical studies in Yepáchic and in the surrounding area. Estrada-Fernández studied the traditional indigenous Pima language, publishing an overview of their grammar, syntax and vocabulary. She identified consistent dialectical differences between communities in the region, especially between villages in Sonora and those in Chihuahua.[1]

Dunnigan studied relations between the Pima and their mestizo neighbors. He wrote that traditional rituals such as Semana Santa [Holy Week] play an important role in inter-ethnic relations. This is because the Pima control the elaborate traditional celebrations, reinforcing their identity as a distinct group.[9][10]

Pennington gathered information on use of medicinal plants by the people of Yepáchic[11] Laferrière continued the ethnobotanical work in the area. He investigated the use of wild and cultivated plants in Yepachic and in the outlying hamlet of Nabogame, 18 km to the northwest. Wild plants eaten by the Pima include 3 species not previously described by modern science (Hymenocallis pimana,[12][13] Berberis pimana[14] and Prionosciadium saraviki[15]).[16][17][18]

Decorative flowers made from leaf bases of sotol, Darylirion wheeleri, Yepachi, Chihuahua

Religion

Most of the people in Yepáchic are Roman Catholics, practicing an antiquated form of the faith taught to them by missionaries centuries ago. This is mixed with remnants of the older indigenous beliefs, mostly in the form of folk tales.[19] Jehovah’s Witnesses have been actively recruiting new members in the region.

Semana Santa (Holy Week) practices are quite elaborate. The people decorate the town with flowers and wreaths. They also set up 14 small shrines set up along the streets, representing the 14 stations of the Cross, as per Catholic custom. Each consists of an old print depicting a scene from the Bible. People walk along the route, stopping at each of the 14 shrines and praying at each one. On Good Friday, men carry around the town a platform laden with adobe bricks, along a route that begins and ends at the church. This is a symbolic reenactment of the funeral of Jesus.[7]

On Día de los Muertos (Day of the Dead), people congregate in the town cemetery. People locate the graves of lost relatives, clean the weeds off them, and decorate them with flowers, crosses and candles. Some of the mestizos use artificial flowers purchased at the local stores, but most of the Pima use freshly cut flowers from gardens. A priest them performs mass in the cemetery.[7]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Estrada-Fernández, Zarina. 1998. Pima bajo de Yepachi, Chihuahua (Archivo de Lenguas Indigenas de Mexico). Colegio de México.
  2. ↑ Wallen, C.C. 1955. Some characteristics of precipitation in Mexico. Geografiska Annaler 37:51-85.
  3. ↑ Hastings, J.R. 1964. Climatological data for Sonora and northeastern Sinaloa. University of Arizona Institute of Atmospheric Physical Technical Report on the Meteorology and Climatology of Arid Lands 15.
  4. ↑ Rzedowski, J. 1986. Vegetación de México. Ed. Limusa, México D.F.
  5. ↑ P.W.Martin, T.R. Van Devender, D.A. Yetman, M.E. Fishbein, P.D. Jenkins. 1998. Gentry's Rio Mayo Plants: The Tropical Deciduous Forest and Environs of Northwest Mexico. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.
  6. ↑ Laferriere, J.E. 1991. Optimal Use of Ethnobotanical Resources by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico. PhD Dissertation, University of Arizona.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Laferrière, Joseph E., & Willard Van Asdall. 1991. Plant use in Mountain Pima holiday decorations. Kiva 57:27-38.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Pennington, CW. 1963. The Tarahumar of Mexico, their material culture. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City
  9. ↑ Dunnigan, T. 1981a. Adaptive strategies of peasants in a biethnic Mexican community: a study of Mountain Pima assimilation. In TB Hinton & PC Weigand (eds), Themes of indigenous acculturation in northwest Mexico. Anthropological Papers of the University of Arizona 38:36-49.
  10. ↑ Dunnigan, T. 1981b. Ritual as interethnic competition: indito versus blanco in Mountain Pima Easter ceremonies. In: GP Castile & G Kusher (eds), Persistent peoples: cultural enclaves in perspective. University of Arizona Press, Tucson
  11. ↑ Pennington, CW. 1980. Plantas medicinales utilizadas por el pima montañés de Chihuahua/ América Indígena 33:213-232.
  12. ↑ Laferrière, Joseph E. 1990. Hymenocallis pimana (Amaryllidaceae): a new species from northwestern Mexico. Phytologia 68(4):255-259.
  13. ↑ Laferrière, Joseph E. 1998. Native detoxification of bulbs of Mountain Pima spider-lily (Hymenocallis pimana, Amaryllidaceae). Economic Botany 52(2):207-208.
  14. ↑ Laferrière, Joseph E., & Jorge S. Marroquín. 1990. Berberis pimana, (Berberidaceae): a new species from northwestern Mexico. Madroño 37(4):283-288.
  15. ↑ Laferrière, Joseph E. 1997b. Prionosciadium saraviki (Apiaceae): a new species from the Sierra Madre Occidental, Mexico. Phytologia 81(2):121-123.
  16. ↑ Laferrière, Joseph E., Charles W. Weber and Edwin A. Kohlhepp. 1991. Use and nutritional composition of some traditional Mountain Pima plant foods. Journal of Ethnobiology 11(1):93-114.
  17. ↑ Laferrière, Joseph E., & Willard Van Asdall. 1992. Contemporary agricultural patterns in a Mountain Pima village. Kiva 58(2):155-175. .
  18. ↑ Laferrière, Joseph E. 1994. A dynamic non-linear optimization analysis of Mountain Pima subsistence patterns. Human Ecology 23(1):1-28.
  19. ↑ Coronado A., L, F. Alvarez C, & J.A. Galaviz. 1983 Kuen Kueche Leyenda: Tumoka Anatiakiga Oichika. Secretaría de Educatión Pública, Ciudad Chihuahua.
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