Yi I

This article is about the 16th century Korean scholar. For the DDG 992 Yulgok Yi I ship, see DDG 992 Yulgok Yi I.
This is a Korean name; the family name is Yi.
Yi I
Yi I
Hangul 이이
Hanja 李珥
Revised Romanization I I
McCune–Reischauer Yi I
Pen name
Hangul 율곡
Hanja 栗谷
Revised Romanization Yulgok
McCune–Reischauer Yulgok
Courtesy name
Hangul 숙헌
Hanja 叔獻
Revised Romanization Sukheon
McCune–Reischauer Sukhŏn

Yi I (Hangul: 이이; hanja: 李珥, December 26, 1536 – 1584) was one of the two most prominent Korean Confucian scholars of the Joseon Dynasty, the other being his older contemporary, Yi Hwang (Toegye).[1] Yi I is often referred to by his pen name Yulgok ("Chestnut valley"). He is not only known as a scholar but also as a revered politician and reformer.[2] He was academical successor of Jo Gwang-jo.

Life

Yi I was born in Gangneung, Gangwon Province in 1536. His father was a Fourth State Councillor (jwachanseong 좌찬성) and his mother, Shin Saimdang, the accomplished artist and calligraphist. He was the grand nephew of Yi Gi, prime minister 1549 to 1551. early years he was learn of Baik In-geol, successor of Jo Gwang-jo. late years, It is said that by the age of seven he had finished his lessons in the Confucian classics, and passed the Civil Service literary examination at the age of 13. Yi I secluded himself in Kumgang-san following his mother's death when he was 16 and stayed for 3 years, studying Buddhism. He left the mountains at 20 and devoted himself to the study of Confucianism.[3][4]

He married at 22 and a half, went to visit Yi Hwang at Dosan the following year. He passed special exams with top honors with a winning thesis titled Cheondochaek (hangul:천도책, hanja: 天道策, "Book on the Way of Heaven"), which was widely regarded as a literary masterpiece, displaying his knowledge of history and the Confucian philosophy of politics, and also reflecting his profound knowledge of Taoism.[5] He continuously received top honors on civil exams for a consecutive 9 times. His father died when he was 26.[2] He served in various positions in government from the age of 29, and visited the Ming Dynasty as seojanggwan (hangul: 서장관, hanja: 書狀官, document officer) in 1568. He also participated in the writing of the Myeongjong Annals and at 34, authored Dongho Mundap, an eleven-article political memorial devoted to clarifying his conviction that a righteous government could be achieved.[6]

Due to his vast experience in different offices over the years, Yi I was able to garner a wide vision of politics and with the deep trust of the king, became one of the central figures of politics by the time he was 40. His many documents and theses were presented to the royal court but when political conflicts escalated in 1576, his efforts proved fruitless and he returned home. Following his return, he devoted his time to studies and education of his disciples and authored several books.[2]

He returned to office at 45 and while holding various minister positions, produced many writings which recorded crucial political events and showed his efforts to ease the political conflicts that were rampant at that time. However, King Seonjo was noncommittal in his attitude and it became difficult for Yi I to remain in a neutral position in the conflicts. He left office in 1583 and died the following year.[2]

According to legend, he had a pavilion built near the ford of the Imjin River in his lifetime and instructed his heirs to set it ablaze when the king had to flee northward from Seoul, to provide a guiding beacon. This took place during Hideyoshi's invasions of Korea at the Imjin war.[7]

Teachings

Yi I was not only known as a philosopher but also as a social reformer. He did not completely agree with the dualistic Neo-Confucianism teachings followed by Yi Hwang. His school of Neo-Confucianism placed emphasis on the more concrete, material elements; rather than inner spiritual perception, this practical and pragmatic approach valued external experience and learning.[8] Unlike Yi Hwang, who suffered through tumultuous times and did not enjoy being in politics, Yi I was an active official who thought it important to implement Confucian values and principles to government administration. He emphasized sage learning and self-cultivation as the base of proper administration.[3][4]

Yi I is also well known for his foresight about national security. He proposed to draft and reinforce the army against a possible Japanese attack. His proposal was rejected by the central government, his worry was found to be well-founded soon after his death, during the Imjin war.[4]

Selected works

Yi I's published writings encompass 193 works in 276 publications in 6 languages and 2,236 library holdings.[9]

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In modern culture

Yi I on the currently circulating 5,000 won note

Yulgongno, a street in central Seoul, is named after him,[15] and he is depicted on the South Korean 5,000 won note.[16] The Taekwondo pattern Yul-Gok was also named in his honor. This is the pattern required to advance from 5th Kup Green Belt with Blue Tag to 4th Kup Blue Belt. The 38 movements of this pattern refer to his birthplace on the 38th degree latitude.[17] The "Yulgok Project", a modernization project for the South Korean military, is named after him as well.[18]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Daehwan, Noh. "The Eclectic Development of Neo-Confucianism and Statecraft from the 18th to the 19th Century," Korea Journal. Winter 2003.
  2. 1 2 3 4 (Korean) Yi I at Doosan Encyclopedia
  3. 1 2 (Korean) Yi I at The Academy of Korean Studies
  4. 1 2 3 (Korean) at Encyclopedia of Korean Culture
  5. ↑ Lee Eunjik(이은직) translated by Jeong Hongjun(정홍준), Great Joseon Masters Vol.2 (조선명인전 2) p35, Ilbit Publishing, Seoul, 2005. ISBN 89-5645-087-0
  6. 1 2 (Korean) Dongho Mundap at Doosan Encyclopedia
  7. ↑ Choi Beomseo (최범서), Unofficial History of Joseon Vol. 2 p52, Garam Publishing, Seoul, 2003. ISBN 89-8435-143-1
  8. ↑ Lee Hyun-hee, Park Sung-soo, Yoon Nae-hyun, translated by The Academy of Korean Studies, New History of Korea p393, Jimoondang, Paju, 2005. ISBN 89-88095-85-5
  9. ↑ WorldCat Identities: Yi, I 1536-1584
  10. ↑ (Korean) Maneon Bongsa at Doosan Encyclopedia
  11. ↑ (Korean) Seonhak Jibyo at Doosan Encyclopedia
  12. ↑ (Korean) Gyeokmong Yogyel at Doosan Encyclopedia
  13. ↑ (Korean) Gyeongyeon Ilgi at Doosan Encyclopedia
  14. ↑ (Korean) Yulgok Jeonseo at Doosan Encyclopedia
  15. ↑ (Korean) Yulgongno at Doosan Encyclopedia
  16. ↑ (Korean) Money bill designs at Naver dictionary
  17. ↑ Yulgok Taekwondo pattern
  18. ↑ Cha Yeonggu (차영구), Theory and Actuality of National Defense Policies (국방정책의 이론과 실제) p86, Oruem, Seoul, 2002. ISBN 89-7778-156-6.
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