Zika virus outbreak timeline

Spread of the Zika virus[1][2][3]

This article primarily covers the chronology of the Zika virus outbreak (2015–present). Flag icons denote the first announcements of confirmed cases by the respective nation-states, their first deaths (and other events such as their first reported cases of microcephaly and major public health announcements), and relevant sessions and announcements of the World Health Organization (WHO), and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control (CDC), as well as relevant virological, epidemiological, and entomological studies.

Timeline

The date of the first confirmations of the disease or any event in a country may be before or after the date of the events in local time because of the International Dateline.

1947–1983

Uganda Uganda The Zika virus is first isolated in 1947 in a rhesus monkey in the Zika Forest near Entebbe, Uganda, and first recovered from a Aedes africanus mosquito in 1948.[4][5] Serological evidence indicates additional human exposure and/or presence in some mosquito species between 1951 and 1981 in parts of Africa (Uganda and Tanzania having the first detection of antibody in humans, in 1952,[6] followed by isolation of the virus from a young girl in Nigeria in 1954 during an outbreak of jaundice,[7] and experimental infection in a human volunteer in 1956.[8] The virus was then found variously in Egypt, Central African Republic, Côte d'Ivoire, Senegal, Sierra Leone, and Gabon; Between 1969 and 1983, Zika was found in equatorial Asia including India, Indonesia, Malaysia and Pakistan.[9] Zika is generally found in mosquitoes and monkeys in a band of countries stretching across equatorial Africa)[10] and Asia (Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam, and Indonesia).[11][12][13] The first confirmed case of Zika fever in a human occurs in Uganda during 1964 in a field researcher, who experiences a mild, non-itchy rash.[4]

2007

Federated States of Micronesia Federated States of Micronesia The first major outbreak is identified outside of Africa and Asia, on Yap Island. Previously only 14 cases of Zika fever had been documented since the virus had first been identified in 1947.[11][14] Approximately 5,005 people, more than 70% of the population of 7,391, were infected with Zika, and generally exhibited mild symptoms; no cases of microcephaly were reported.[12]

2008

United States United States The first case of sexual transmission is reported, that of a scientist who had fallen ill in Senegal who thereafter infected his wife.[4]

2012

Researchers identify two distinct lineages of the Zika virus, African and Asian.[10][4][15][16][17]

2013–2014

French Polynesia French Polynesia In October 2013, an independent outbreak of the Zika virus occurred in the Society, Marquesas and Tuamotu Islands of French Polynesia.[18] The outbreak abated in October 2014, with 8,723 suspected cases of Zika reported. The true number of Zika cases was estimated at more than 30,000.[19] An unusual rise in neurological syndromes is reported, including 42 cases of Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS);[20] typically five cases are reported in a three-month timeframe.[21]

French Polynesia French Polynesia On 20 March, researchers discover that two mothers and their newborns test positive for Zika, perinatal transmission confirmed by polymerase chain reaction performed on serum collected within four days of birth during the outbreak.[4][22]

French Polynesia French Polynesia On 31 March, researchers on Tahiti report that 2.8% of blood donors between November 2013 and February 2014 tested positive for the Zika virus, of which 3% were asymptomatic at the time of blood donation.[23] This indicated a potential risk of transmission of the Zika virus through blood transfusions, but there were no confirmed cases of this occurring.[24]

French Polynesia French Polynesia On 13 December a patient recovering from Zika infection on Tahiti seeks treatment for bloody sperm. Zika virus is isolated from his semen, adding to the evidence that Zika can be sexually transmitted.[4][25]

Japan Japan In December 2013, a Japanese tourist returning to Japan was diagnosed with Zika virus infection by the National Institute of Infectious Diseases after visiting the French Polynesian island of Bora Bora, becoming the first imported case of Zika fever in Japan.[26]

New Caledonia New Caledonia In January 2014, indigenous cases of Zika virus infection were reported in New Caledonia.[27] The outbreak peaked in April, with the number of confirmed cases reaching 1,400 by 17 September.[20]

Cook Islands Cook Islands In February 2014, an outbreak of Zika started in the Cook Islands. The outbreak ended on 29 May, with 50 confirmed and 932 suspected cases of Zika virus infection.[20][28]

Easter Island Easter Island In March 2014, there were one confirmed and 40 suspected cases of Zika virus infection on Easter Island.[29]

Bangladesh Bangladesh On 22 March 2016, Bangladesh's health ministry announced that they had detected Zika virus in human blood sample which they obtained in 2014.[30]

2015

February

Solomon Islands Solomon Islands An outbreak of Zika begins on the Solomon Islands, with 302 cases reported by 3 May.[31]

March

Brazil Brazil On 2 March, an illness in Northeastern Brazil characterized by a skin rash is reported.

April

Vanuatu Vanuatu On 27 April, the Vanuatu Ministry of Health reports that blood samples collected before March were confirmed to contain the Zika virus.[32]

Brazil Brazil On 29 April, samples first test positive for the Zika virus.[10]

May

Brazil Brazil On 15 May, the Ministry of Health reports the presence and circulation of the Zika virus in the states of Bahia and Rio Grande do Norte after testing 16 people for Zika.[33]

July

Brazil Brazil On 17 July, neurological disorders in newborns associated with history of infection are reported.[10]

September

Brazil Brazil A sharp increase in the number of microcephaly cases is reported. The state of Pernambuco used to register 10 cases of microcephaly annually,[34] whereas in 2015 over 140 cases were registered.[35]

October

Colombia Colombia 27 cases of Guillain-Barre syndrome are reported in the region around Cucuta; 27,000 cases of Zika are reported nationwide.[36]

Cape Verde Cabo Verde On 21 October, Cabo Verde confirms, by PCR, its first outbreak of Zika.[37]

November

Brazil Brazil On 11 November, the Ministry of Health declares a national public health emergency.[34][38]

United Nations United Nations On 17 November, the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), under the aegis of the WHO, issues an Epidemiological Alert regarding the increase in microcephaly cases in northeastern Brazil.[34]

French Polynesia French Polynesia On 24 November, French Polynesian authorities announce that there had been an unusual increase in the number of cases of central nervous system malformations in fetuses and infants, including microcephaly, following the 2013–2014 outbreak.[39][40]

Guatemala Guatemala On 26 November, Guatemala confirms, by PCR, its first local cases of Zika.[41]

Samoa Samoa, American Samoa American Samoa and Tonga Tonga Local transmission of the Zika virus by mosquitoes is reported in the Polynesian islands of Samoa, American Samoa and Tonga.[42]

December

United Nations United Nations On 1 December, PAHO releases a report noting the possible connection between the Zika virus and the rise in neurological syndromes. Three deaths are reported, and autochthonous circulation of the virus is reported in Brazil, Chile (on Easter Island), Colombia, El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico, Paraguay, Suriname, and Venezuela.[43]

Puerto Rico Puerto Rico On 31 December, the Puerto Rico Department of Health reported the first locally acquired case of Zika virus infection in Puerto Rico. Zika was confirmed in a resident of Puerto Rico with no known travel history.[44]

2016

January

United States United States On 17 January, a baby is born in Hawaii with the Zika virus and microcephaly, the first such case reported in the U.S.; the mother had lived in Brazil in May the previous year.[45]

Taiwan Taiwan On 19 January, a man from Thailand becomes the first imported case of Zika virus in Taiwan.[12]

Samoa Samoa On 26 January, Samoa is added to the CDC travel advisory.[46]

Curaçao Curacao On 31 January, Curacao reports its first confirmed autochthonous case of Zika.[47]

February

United Nations United Nations On 1 February, the WHO declares the Zika virus outbreak to be a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC).[48][13]

United States United States On 8 February, the Obama administration requests $1.8 billion in the fight against Zika.[49]

United States United States On 11 February, the CDC releases preliminary guidelines regarding the sexual transmission of Zika. Three likely cases are reported.[50]

United Nations United Nations On 12 February, the WHO advises pregnant women to avoid travel to areas where the transmission of the Zika virus is active.[51]

United States United States On 12 February, the CDC releases a Level 2 (Practice Enhanced Precautions) travel notice.[52]

March

United States United States As of 9 March, the CDC reports 193 travel-associated Zika virus disease cases, and no locally acquired vector-borne cases.[53]

United States United States On 24 March, a genetics study published in Science suggests that the Zika virus had arrived in Brazil between May and December 2013.[54]

United States United States On 30 March, the New England Journal of Medicine published "Zika Virus Infection with Prolonged Maternal Viremia and Fetal Brain Abnormalities," which documents the destruction of a fetal brain by Zika in detail; the Finnish mother had been infected in the 11th gestational week whilst travelling in Mexico, Guatemala, and Belize.[55]

South Korea South Korea On 22 March, a man from Brazil becomes the first imported case of Zika virus in South Korea.

April

United States USA On 1 April the CDC held a meeting at its headquarters with more than 300 local, state, and federal officials and experts to coördinate the response to Zika, not least the hodgepodge of mosquito control programs.[56]

United States USA On 6 April the Obama administration, after a two-month long impasse with Congress, allocates $589 million in the fight against Zika (of which $510 million came from the $2.7 billion earmarked to battle the West African Ebola virus epidemic).[57]

Peru Peru On April 16 Peru reports its first case of sexual transmission (and its seventh overall) after a resident infected his wife after contracting the disease in Venezuela.[58]

United States USA On 29 April the CDC confirms the first Zika-related death in the US occurred in February 2016. Zika first appeared in Puerto Rico in December 2015.[59]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Gatherer, Derek; Kohl, Alain (2016). "Zika virus: a previously slow pandemic spreads rapidly through the Americas". Journal of General Virology 97 (2): 269–273. doi:10.1099/jgv.0.000381. ISSN 0022-1317. PMID 26684466.
  2. ↑ "Zika virus in the United States". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 20 February 2016.
  3. ↑ Lanciotti, Robert S.; Lambert, Amy J.; Holodniy, Mark; et al. (2016). "Phylogeny of Zika Virus in Western Hemisphere, 2015". Emerging Infectious Diseases 22 (5). doi:10.3201/eid2205.160065. ISSN 1080-6040.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Kindhauser, Mary Kay; Allen, Tomas; Frank, Veronika; et al. (2016). "Zika: the origin and spread of a mosquito-borne virus" (PDF). Bulletin of the World Health Organization. doi:10.2471/BLT.16.171082. ISSN 0042-9686.
  5. ↑ "Zika virus: first described in Transactions!". News. Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 26 January 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2016.
  6. ↑ Dick, G.W.; Kitchen, S.F.; Haddow, A.J. (September 1952). "Zika virus. I. Isolations and serological specificity.". Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 46 (5): 509–20. PMID 12995440.
  7. ↑ MacNamara, F.N. (March 1954). "Zika virus: a report on three cases of human infection during an epidemic of jaundice in Nigeria.". Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 48 (2): 139–45. PMID 13157159.
  8. ↑ Bearcroft, W.G. (September 1956). "Zika virus infection experimentally induced in a human volunteer.". Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 50 (5): 442–8. PMID 13380987.
  9. ↑ "Timeline - Zika's origin and global spread". Fox News. Retrieved 24 March 2016.
  10. 1 2 3 4 "Timeline: Zika's origin and global spread". Reuters. 12 February 2016.
  11. 1 2 Hayes, Edward B. (September 2009). "Zika virus outside Africa". Emerging Infectious Diseases (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) 15 (9): 1347–1350. doi:10.3201/eid1509.090442. ISSN 1080-6059. PMC 2819875. PMID 19788800.
  12. 1 2 3 Silver, Marc (5 February 2016). "Mapping Zika: From A Monkey In Uganda To A Growing Global Concern". NPR. Retrieved 12 February 2016.
  13. 1 2 Sikka, Veronica; Chattu, Vijay Kumar; Popli, Raaj K.; et al. (11 February 2016). "The emergence of zika virus as a global health security threat: A review and a consensus statement of the INDUSEM Joint working Group (JWG)". Journal of Global Infectious Diseases 8 (1): 3–15. doi:10.4103/0974-777X.176140. ISSN 0974-8245.
  14. ↑ Duffy, Mark R.; Chen, Tai-Ho; Hancock, W. Thane (11 June 2009). "Zika virus outbreak on Yap Islands, Federated States of Micronesia". New England Journal of Medicine 360 (24): 2536–2543. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0805715. PMID 19516034.
  15. ↑ Olson, Ken E.; Haddow, Andrew D.; Schuh, Amy J.; et al. (2012). "Genetic Characterization of Zika Virus Strains: Geographic Expansion of the Asian Lineage". PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 6 (2): e1477. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0001477. ISSN 1935-2735.
  16. ↑ Lanciotti, Robert S.; Kosoy, Olga L.; Laven, Janeen J.; et al. (2008). "Genetic and Serologic Properties of Zika Virus Associated with an Epidemic, Yap State, Micronesia, 2007". Emerging Infectious Diseases 14 (8): 1232–1239. doi:10.3201/eid1408.080287. ISSN 1080-6040.
  17. ↑ Buathong, R.; Hermann, L.; Thaisomboonsuk, B.; et al. (2015). "Detection of Zika Virus Infection in Thailand, 2012-2014". American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 93 (2): 380–383. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.15-0022. ISSN 0002-9637.
  18. ↑ Mallet, Dr. Henri-Pierre (27 October 2013). "Zika Virus - French Polynesia". ProMED-mail. International Society for Infectious Diseases. Retrieved 7 February 2016.
  19. ↑ Berger, Stephen (3 February 2015). Chikungunya and Zika: Global Status (2015 ed.). GIDEON Informatics, Inc. p. 75. ISBN 9781498806978. Retrieved 4 February 2016.
  20. 1 2 3 Roth, A; Mercier, A; Lepers, C; et al. (2014). "Concurrent outbreaks of dengue, chikungunya and Zika virus infections – an unprecedented epidemic wave of mosquito-borne viruses in the Pacific 2012–2014". Eurosurveillance 19 (41): 20929. doi:10.2807/1560-7917.ES2014.19.41.20929. ISSN 1560-7917.
  21. ↑ Mole, Beth (2016-01-16). "Zika: Here’s what we know about the virus alarming health experts worldwide: Despite a long history, Zika remains an enigmatic, emerging infectious disease.". Ars Technica. Retrieved 2016-04-16.
  22. ↑ Besnard, M; Lastère, S; Teissier, A; et al. (2014). "Evidence of perinatal transmission of Zika virus, French Polynesia, December 2013 and February 2014". Eurosurveillance 19 (13): 20751. doi:10.2807/1560-7917.ES2014.19.13.20751. ISSN 1560-7917.
  23. ↑ Musso, D; Nhan, T; Robin, E; et al. (2014). "Potential for Zika virus transmission through blood transfusion demonstrated during an outbreak in French Polynesia, November 2013 to February 2014". Eurosurveillance 19 (14): 20761. doi:10.2807/1560-7917.ES2014.19.14.20761. ISSN 1560-7917.
  24. ↑ "Zika virus infection outbreak, Brazil and the Pacific region" (PDF). Stockholm: European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. 25 May 2015. pp. 4–5. Retrieved 12 February 2016.
  25. ↑ Musso, Didier; Roche, Claudine; Robin, Emilie; Nhan, Tuxuan; Teissier, Anita; Cao-Lormeau, Van-Mai (2015). "Potential Sexual Transmission of Zika Virus" (PDF). Emerging Infectious Diseases 21 (2): 359–361. doi:10.3201/eid2102.141363. ISSN 1080-6040.
  26. ↑ Kutsuna, Dr. Satoshi (18 December 2013). "Zika Virus - Japan: ex French Polynesia". ProMED-mail. International Society for Infectious Diseases. Retrieved 7 February 2016.
  27. ↑ "Zika Virus - Pacific (03): New Caledonia". ProMED-mail. International Society for Infectious Diseases. 22 January 2014. Retrieved 7 February 2016.
  28. ↑ Pyke, Alyssa T.; Daly, Michelle T.; Cameron, Jane N.; et al. (2014). "Imported Zika Virus Infection from the Cook Islands into Australia, 2014". PLoS Currents. doi:10.1371/currents.outbreaks.4635a54dbffba2156fb2fd76dc49f65e. ISSN 2157-3999. Retrieved 9 February 2016.
  29. ↑ Schwan, Katharina (7 March 2014). "First Case of Zika Virus reported on Easter Island". The Disease Daily (HealthMap). Retrieved 8 February 2016.
  30. ↑ "BANGLADESH CONFIRMS FIRST CASE OF ZIKA VIRUS". Reuters (Newsweek). 22 March 2016. Retrieved 22 March 2016.
  31. ↑ "Zika virus infection outbreak, Brazil and the Pacific region" (PDF). Rapid Risk Assessment. Stockholm: European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. 25 May 2015. pp. 4–5. Retrieved 12 February 2016.
  32. ↑ Willie, Glenda (27 April 2015). "Zika and dengue cases confirmed". Vanuatu Daily Post (Port Vila). Retrieved 12 February 2016.
  33. ↑ "Zika Virus - Brazil: Confirmed". ProMED-mail. International Society for Infectious Diseases. 15 May 2015. Retrieved 13 February 2016.
  34. 1 2 3 "Increase of microcephaly in the northeast of Brazil". Epidemiological Alert. Pan American Health Organization. 17 November 2015. Retrieved 13 February 2016.
  35. ↑ Bichell, Rae Ellen (10 February 2016). "Zika Virus: What Happened When". Health Shots (National Public Radio).
  36. ↑ Sweeney, John (13 February 2016). "Colombia: A nation concerned over Zika". BBC Health (BBC).
  37. ↑ Kindhauser, Mary Kay (2016-02-09). "Zika: the origin and spread of a mosquito-borne virus". World Health Organization. Retrieved 2016-04-19.
  38. ↑ "Ministério da Saúde investiga aumento de casos de microcefalia em Pernambuco" [Ministry of Health investigates increase in microcephaly cases in Pernambuco]. Portal da Saúde (in Portuguese). Ministério da Saúde. 11 November 2015.
  39. ↑ McNeil Jr., Donald G; Saint Louis, Catherine; St. Fleur, Nicholas (3 February 2016). "Short Answers to Hard Questions About Zika Virus". The New York Times. Retrieved 9 February 2016.
  40. ↑ "Microcephaly in Brazil potentially linked to the Zika virus epidemic" (PDF). Stockholm: European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. 24 November 2015. pp. 4–5. Retrieved 8 February 2016.
  41. ↑ Kindhauser, Mary Kay (2016-02-09). "Zika: the origin and spread of a mosquito-borne virus". World Health Organization. Retrieved 2016-04-19.
  42. ↑ "Zika Virus in the Pacific Islands". Travelers' Health. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 5 February 2016. Retrieved 7 February 2016.
  43. ↑ "Neurological syndrome, congenital malformations, and Zika virus infection. Implications for public health in the Americas". Epidemiological Alert. Pan American Health Organization. 1 December 2015.
  44. ↑ First case of Zika virus reported in Puerto Rico. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Atlanta, Georgia, USA. 31 December 2015. Accessed 12 April 2016.
  45. ↑ McNeil Jr., Donald G. (16 January 2016). "Hawaii Reports Baby Born With Brain Damage Linked to Zika Virus". The New York Times. Retrieved 12 February 2016.
  46. ↑ Hardy, Rachel (26 January 2016). "Samoa added to Zika travel advisory". Quadrangle Online. Archived from the original on 16 February 2016.
  47. ↑ "Zika Country List Expands; Curaçao Reports, Colombia Sees GBS Spike". Curaçao Chronicle (Core Communications). 1 March 2016. Retrieved 1 March 2016.
  48. ↑ "WHO Director-General summarizes the outcome of the Emergency Committee regarding clusters of microcephaly and Guillain-Barré syndrome". Media Centre. World Health Organization. 1 February 2016. Retrieved 11 February 2016.
  49. ↑ Mole, Beth (2016-02-08). "Obama says no need to panic over Zika, requests $1.8 billion: Republicans talk quarantines amid fund request for vaccines, mosquito control.". Ars Technica. Retrieved 2016-04-16.
  50. ↑ Oster, Alexandra M.; Brooks, John T.; Stryker, Jo Ellen; et al. (2016). "Interim Guidelines for Prevention of Sexual Transmission of Zika Virus — United States, 2016". MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 65 (5): 120–121. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6505e1. ISSN 0149-2195.
  51. ↑ Cha, Ariana Eunjung (12 February 2016). "In new advisory, WHO warns pregnant women against travel to Zika-affected countries". The Washington Post.
  52. ↑ "Zika: Pregnant? Read this before you travel" (PDF). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 11 March 2016. Retrieved 14 March 2016.
  53. ↑ "Zika virus disease in the United States, 2015–2016". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 9 March 2016. Retrieved 14 March 2016.
  54. ↑ Mole, Beth (2016-03-24). "Zika may have skulked around Brazil for more than a year unnoticed: Genetic study pegs virus’ arrival to 2013, letting 2014 World Cup off the hook.". Ars Technica. Retrieved 2016-04-16.
  55. ↑ Driggers, Rita W. (2016-03-30). "Zika Virus Infection with Prolonged Maternal Viremia and Fetal Brain Abnormalities". New England Journal of Medicine. Retrieved 2016-04-16.
  56. ↑ Mole, Beth (2016-04-01). "CDC braces for Zika’s US invasion as scientists watch virus melt fetal brain: Experts prepare for pockets of transmission on US mainland as mosquito season begins.". Ars Technica. Retrieved 2016-04-16.
  57. ↑ Mole, Beth (2016-04-16). "After standoff with Congress, White House robs Ebola fund to pay for Zika: Administration urges Republicans to approve money to prevent US outbreaks.". Ars Technica. Retrieved 2016-04-16.
  58. ↑ Esposito, Anthony (2016-04-16). "Peru reports first case of sexually transmitted Zika virus". Zika News. Reuters. Retrieved 2016-04-16.
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