Zokwang Trading
| State-owned | |
| Industry | Import-export |
| Founded | 1974 |
| Headquarters | Zhuhai, China |
| Zokwang Trading | |
| Chosŏn'gŭl | 조광무역 |
|---|---|
| Hancha | 朝光貿易 |
| Revised Romanization | Jogwang Muyeok |
| McCune–Reischauer | Chogwang Muyŏk |
| Also spelt Chokwang, Jokwang, Zowkwang, or misspelt as Zok Wang[1] | |
Zokwang Trading Company is a North Korean state-run import-export business based in Zhuhai, China.[2] It is reportedly controlled by Room 39, a secret department of the government of North Korea.[3]
Zokwang Trading are not on the official list of North Korean companies published by the DPRK portal site Naenara.[4]
History
Zokwang Trading was founded in 1974 in Macau, then under Portuguese administration, soon after Portugal recognised North Korea, following the Carnation Revolution, in which a left-wing government came to power.[5] It functioned as North Korea's de facto consulate in Macau, issuing documents and visas.[6]
North Korean government officials and other sources state that the company engages in legitimate business transactions, purchasing cigarettes, food, liquor, televisions, and luxury goods for shipment to Pyongyang, but police long had suspicions about Zokwang's activities.[7] One of its officers, An Gun-ho, was identified as a senior counterintelligence officer of North Korea's Ministry of Political Security.[8]
Pyongyang was also alleged to have used Macau as a base for planning the 1983 Rangoon bombing, an assassination attempt on South Korean President Chun Doo-hwan, in which 21 people were killed, but the vice-president of Zokwang Trading, Kim Chol Jun, denied allegations of espionage.[9]
Kim Hyon Hui, one of the agents who carried out the bombing of 1987 Korean Air Flight 858, claimed to have spent several months training at Zokwang Trading's office while living in Macau.[10] In her autobiography, The Tears of My Soul, she wrote that, while living there, she learned Cantonese so that she and other North Korean agents could pose as local Chinese.[11]
In 1994, the United States government also made accusations that Zokwang Trading were engaged in arms sales and other illegal technology transfer.[12] Later that year, five employees of the company were arrested after trying to pass US$250 000 in counterfeit notes.[13]
Before they were arrested, they had deposited US$100 000 in counterfeit notes, and had attempted to deposit a further US$150 000 before US banks in Hong Kong raised the alarm, but as they had diplomatic passports, they were later released.[14]
Zokwang Trading held accounts with two Macau banks Banco Delta Asia and Seng Heng.[15] In 2005, these were frozen at the request of US financial regulators.[16] The funds were released in 2007.[17]
During 2006, Zokwang moved across the border to Zhuhai.[18]
Notes
- ↑ North Korea denies food report, UPI, June 6, 1994
- ↑ N.Korean Firms Abandon Macau, Chosun Ilbo, 19 Dec 2005
- ↑ Kim Jong-il Restores Special Department to Swell Coffers, Chosun Ilbo, June 22 2010
- ↑ Naenara: Foreign Trade-Corporations & Agencies, Democratic People's Republic of Korea: Korea Computer Center, 2005, archived from the original on 2005-09-20, retrieved 2006-12-25
- ↑ Great Leader, Dear Leader: Demystifying North Korea Under the Kim Clan, Bertil Lintner, Silkworm Books, 2005, page 142
- ↑ North Korean company is no stranger to controversy, South China Morning Post, 18 September 2005
- ↑ Will China end North Korea's illegal activities in Macau?, Mike Chinoy, CNN, December 18 1999
- ↑ Terrorism, the North Korean connection, Joseph S. Bermudez, Crane Russak, 1990, page 157
- ↑ Macao Called New Center of North Korean Spying, The New York Times, August 16, 1987
- ↑ North Korea's Macau-based trading venture opens its doors to deny reports of espionage and shady deals, South China Morning Post, 3 September, 2000
- ↑ The Tears of My Soul, Kim Hyon Hui, William Morrow and Co., 1993, page 69
- ↑ North Korea: Coming in from the Cold, Bertil Lintner, Suh-kyung Yoon, Far Eastern Economic Review, October 25, 2001
- ↑ North Korea: The Paranoid Peninsula: A Modern History, Paul French, Zed Books, 2007, page 157
- ↑ In North Korea, Secret Hoard Of Cash Props Up a Regime, The Wall Street Journal, July 14, 2003
- ↑ U.S. Probes Banks' North Korea Ties, The Wall Street Journal, September 8, 2005
- ↑ SPECIAL REPORT: Korea Meltdown, Macau Business, August 1, 2006
- ↑ How U.S. Used a Bank To Punish North Korea, The Wall Street Journal, April 12, 2007
- ↑ North Korea's creepy-crawly capitalism, Bertil Lintner, Asia Times, May 26, 2006
Bibliography
- Bermudez, Joseph S., Jr. (2001), Shield of the Great Leader: The armed forces of North Korea, Allen & Unwin, ISBN 978-1-86064-500-6