Zuo Si

Zuo Si (Chinese characters: 左思; Hanyu Pinyin: Zuǒ Sī) (250–305), courtesy name Taichong (太沖), was a writer and poet of the Western Jin.

Biography

Zuo was born to an aristocratic family of Confucian scholars in Linzi. His mother died young. His father, Zuo Yong, was promoted to imperial official in charge of the imperial archives. Zuo Si would often play word games with his sister, Zuo Fen, who later became famous in her own right as a writer and a concubine of Emperor Wu of Jin.^[1]

Literary works

In approximately 280, Zuo wrote the "Shu Capital Rhapsody" (蜀都赋), the first of his rhapsodies on the three capitals of the Three Kingdoms Period. The Shu Capital Rhapsody described the city of Chengdu and the surrounding area. This work features the earliest surviving reference to Mount Emei.^[2] The work was so highly renowned and frequently copied upon its release that the price of paper in Luoyang is said to have risen as a result.^[3] This later gave rise to the popular Chinese idiom 洛阳纸贵 ("Paper is Expensive in Luoyang"), today used to praise a literary work.^[4]

Zuo described his rhapsodies on the three capitals as derivative of similar works by Zhang Heng and Ban Gu. However, Mark Edward Lewis has written that Zuo's rhapsodies marked the end of the Han Dynasty ideal of the ritually perfect capital, because they describe three simultaneously existing, contemporary capitals, suppressing the ritual and historical evolution that structured the previous works.^[5] Zuo argued for accuracy as the basis of poetry, in contrast to the fantastic writings of Han poets. In his preface to the three rhapsodies, he wrote that while writers of lyric verse "sing of what their hearts are set upon", writers of descriptive rhapsodies "praise what they observe".^[6]

Zuo's poetry, particularly his poem Summoning the Recluse, is regarded as representative of the medieval Chinese "poetry of seclusion" or "poetry of the recluse". Unlike earlier poems, which encouraged readers to leave the wilderness for the official life, Zuo advocates a return to the wilderness. Gaul and Hiltz attribute this change in perspective to the replacement of Shamanistic beliefs with Confucian ethics and Daoist religion.^[7]

Legacy

Zuo Si's work has continued to be resonate with later scholars. The Qing Dynasty scholar Yuan Mei wrote that Zuo Si's Singing of History "uses past deeds of historical characters to express what is in one's own heart", and is an example of the first of the three types of historical verse.^[8] The Tang Dynasty poet Wang Ji paid homage uses Zuo's Summoning the Recluse as a model, but departs from it by focusing on the recluse's way of life, rather than the natural surroundings. In addition, unlike Zuo, Wang does not completely abandon the pursuit of honor and glory in officialdom.^[9]

References

1. Liu, Aiwen (2000). Barbara Bennett Peterson, ed. Notable women of China: Shang Dynasty to the Early Twentieth Century. Zhu Zhongliang, trans. (Illustrated ed.). M.E. Sharpe. pp. 141–143. ISBN 978-0-7656-0504-7.
2. Hargett, James Morris (2006). Roger T. Ames, ed. Stairway to Heaven: A Journey to the Summit of Mount Emei (Illustrated, Annotated ed.). SUNY Press. p. 5. ISBN 0-7914-6681-7.
3. Minford, John; Joseph S. M. Lau (2002). Classical Chinese Literature: From Antiquity to the Tang Dynasty (Illustrated ed.). Columbia University Press. p. 436. ISBN 0-231-09677-1.
4. Zhou, Lingzhong; He Zeren (2006). The Stories Behind 100 Chinese Idioms (5th ed.). People's Republic of China: Huayu Jiaoxue Chubanshe. p. 223. ISBN 7-80052-522-8.
5. Lewis, Mark Edward (2006). The Construction of Space in Early China (Annotated ed.). SUNY Press. p. 238. ISBN 0-7914-6607-8.
6. Elvin, Mark (2006). The Retreat of the Elephants: An Environmental History of China (Illustrated ed.). Yale University Press. p. 60. ISBN 0-300-11993-3.
7. Gaul, Karen K.; Jackie Hiltz (2000). Landscapes and Communities on the Pacific Rim: Cultural Perspectives from Asia to the Pacific Northwest (Illustrated ed.). M.E. Sharpe. pp. 94–97. ISBN 978-0-7656-0512-2.
8. Schmidt, Jerry Dean (2003). Harmony garden: The life, Literary Criticism, and Poetry of Yuan Mei (1716–1798). Routledge. pp. 340–341. ISBN 978-0-7007-1525-1.
9. Deng, Xiang Warner (2003). A Wild Deer Amid Soaring Phoenixes: The Opposition Poetics of Wang Ji. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 75–77. ISBN 978-0-8248-2669-7.