-monas
The suffix -monas is used in microbiology for many genera and is intended to mean "unicellular organism".
Meaning
The suffix -monas is used in microbiology for many genera in a similar way to -bacter, -bacillus, -coccus or -spirillum. The genera with the suffix monas are not a monophyletic group and the suffix is chosen over -bacter, often simply out of stylistic preferences to match with Greek words.
The first genus to be given the suffix -monas was the Pseudomonas, a genus of gammaproteobacteria. The generic epithet Pseudomonas was coined by Walter Migula in 1894, who did not give an etymology.[1][2] Since the 7th edition of Bergey's manual (=top authority in bacterial nomenclature), other authors have given the etymology to be: Greek pseudes (ψευδες) (false) and monas (μονάς / μονάδα a single unit), which can mean "false unit".[3] However, "false unit" conceptually does not make much sense, namely, it does not mean "an organism which may falsely appear as a single unit but it is not" as it is not found in multicellular chains nor was it ever described as such. One speculation is that the name was chosen simply out of aesthetics,[4] while the most plausible theory states that Migula intended it as false Monas,[4] a nanoflagellate protist (Chrysophyceae: Ochromonadales: Ochromonadaceae: Chrysomonadida: Ochromonadidae). Subsequently, the term "monas" was used in the early history of microbiology to denote single-celled organisms.[4]
Grammar
Main article: Bacterial taxonomy
When suffices are added to a name of a genus ending in -monas to make higher ranks, the stem becomes -monad-, in fact it is quite common in Greek and in Latin that the stem differs between the singular nominative case and the rest (c.f. Latin declension or Greek declension), here μονάς / μονάδα.
In English to make a vernacular name for members of a genus, i.e. trivialising the scientific name, the scientific name is taken and written with sentence case and in roman type (i.e. "standard") as opposed to uppercase italic, the plurals are generally constructed by adding an "s", regardless of Greco-Roman grammar. In the case of genera ending in monas the ending is changed to monad with plural -monads.[5] Example: a member of the Pseudomonas genus is a pseudomonad, while two are pseudomonads. The use of the stem for non-nominative cases is seen more often in botany, where trivialisation is more common, e.g. a bromeliad is a member of the genus Bromelia.
Archaeal genera
| Genus | Phylum | Order | Class | Family |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Natronomonas | Euryarchaeota | Halobacteria | Halobacteriales | Halobacteriaceae |
| Thermogymnomonas | Euryarchaeota | Thermoplasmata | Thermoplasmatales |
Bacterial genera
| Genus | Phylum | Order | Class | Family |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acidomonas | Proteobacteria | Alphaproteobacteria | Rhodospirillales | Acetobacteraceae |
| Aeromonas | Proteobacteria | Gammaproteobacteria | Aeromonadales | Aeromonadaceae |
| Agromonas | Proteobacteria | Alphaproteobacteria | Rhizobiales | Bradyrhizobiaceae |
| Aidingimonas | Proteobacteria | Gammaproteobacteria | Oceanospirillales | Halomonadaceae |
| Albimonas | Proteobacteria | Alphaproteobacteria | Rhodobacterales | Rhodobacteraceae |
| Alkalimonas | Proteobacteria | Gammaproteobacteria | ||
| Allomonas | Proteobacteria | Gammaproteobacteria | Vibrionales | Vibrionaceae |
| Alteromonas | Proteobacteria | Gammaproteobacteria | Alteromonadales | Alteromonadaceae |
| Aminomonas | Synergistetes | Synergistia | Synergistales | Synergistaceae |
| Aquimonas | Proteobacteria | Gammaproteobacteria | Xanthomonadales | Xanthomonadaceae |
| Aquisalimonas | Proteobacteria | Gammaproteobacteria | Chromatiales | Ectothiorhodospiraceae |
| Arenimonas | Proteobacteria | Gammaproteobacteria | Xanthomonadales | Xanthomonadaceae |
| Arhodomonas | Proteobacteria | Gammaproteobacteria | Chromatiales | Ectothiorhodospiraceae |
| Aspromonas | Proteobacteria | Gammaproteobacteria | Xanthomonadales | Xanthomonadaceae |
| Aurantimonas | Proteobacteria | Alphaproteobacteria | Rhizobiales | Aurantimonadaceae |
| Azohydromonas | Proteobacteria | Betaproteobacteria | Burkholderiales | Alcaligenaceae |
| Azomonas | Proteobacteria | Gammaproteobacteria | Pseudomonadales | Pseudomonadaceae |
| Balneimonas | Proteobacteria | Alphaproteobacteria | Rhizobiales | Bradyrhizobiaceae |
| Blastomonas | Proteobacteria | Alphaproteobacteria | Sphingomonadales | Sphingomonadaceae |
| Brachymonas | Proteobacteria | Betaproteobacteria | Burkholderiales | Comamonadaceae |
| Brevundimonas | Proteobacteria | Alphaproteobacteria | Caulobacterales | Caulobacteraceae |
| Butyricimonas | Bacteroidetes | Bacteroidia | Bacteroidales | Porphyromonadaceae |
| Caenimonas | Proteobacteria | Betaproteobacteria | Burkholderiales | Comamonadaceae |
| Caldimonas | Proteobacteria | Betaproteobacteria | Burkholderiales | Comamonadaceae |
| Camelimonas | Proteobacteria | Alphaproteobacteria | Rhizobiales | Beijerinckiaceae |
| Carnimonas | Proteobacteria | Gammaproteobacteria | Oceanospirillales | Halomonadaceae |
| Celerinatantimonas | Proteobacteria | Gammaproteobacteria | Alteromonadales | Celerinatantimonadaceae |
| Cellulomonas | Actinobacteria | Actinobacteria | Actinomycetales | Cellulomonadaceae |
| Chitinimonas | Proteobacteria | Betaproteobacteria | Burkholderiales | Burkholderiaceae |
| Chryseomonas | Proteobacteria | Gammaproteobacteria | Pseudomonadales | Pseudomonadaceae |
| Citreimonas | Proteobacteria | Alphaproteobacteria | Rhodobacterales | Rhodobacteraceae |
| Cocleimonas | Proteobacteria | Gammaproteobacteria | ||
| Collimonas | Proteobacteria | Betaproteobacteria | Burkholderiales | Oxalobacteraceae |
| Comamonas | Proteobacteria | Betaproteobacteria | Burkholderiales | Comamonadaceae |
| Conglomeromonas | Proteobacteria | Alphaproteobacteria | Rhodospirillales | Rhodospirillaceae |
| Dechloromonas | Proteobacteria | Betaproteobacteria | Rhodocyclales | Rhodocyclaceae |
| Dehalogenimonas | Chloroflexi | Dehalococcoidetes | ||
| Desulfomonas | Proteobacteria | Deltaproteobacteria | Desulfovibrionales | Desulfovibrionaceae |
| Desulfosalsimonas | Proteobacteria | Deltaproteobacteria | Desulfobacterales | Desulfobacteraceae |
| Desulfuromonas | Proteobacteria | Deltaproteobacteria | Desulfuromonadales | Desulfuromonadaceae |
| Dysgonomonas | Bacteroidetes | Bacteroidia | Bacteroidales | Porphyromonadaceae |
| Endozoicomonas | Proteobacteria | Gammaproteobacteria | Oceanospirillales | Hahellaceae |
| Epilithonimonas | Bacteroidetes | Flavobacteria | Flavobacteriales | Flavobacteriaceae |
| Erythromonas | Proteobacteria | Alphaproteobacteria | Sphingomonadales | Sphingomonadaceae |
| Ferrimonas | Proteobacteria | Gammaproteobacteria | Alteromonadales | Ferrimonadaceae |
| Filimonas | Bacteroidetes | Sphingobacteria | Sphingobacteriales | Chitinophagaceae |
| Flagellimonas | Bacteroidetes | Flavobacteria | Flavobacteriales | Flavobacteriaceae |
| Flavimonas | Proteobacteria | Gammaproteobacteria | Pseudomonadales | Pseudomonadaceae |
| Fulvimonas | Proteobacteria | Gammaproteobacteria | Xanthomonadales | Xanthomonadaceae |
| Gallaecimonas | Proteobacteria | Gammaproteobacteria | ||
| Gemmatimonas | Gemmatimonadetes | Gemmatimonadetes | Gemmatimonadales | Gemmatimonadaceae |
| Gracilimonas | Bacteroidetes | Sphingobacteria | Sphingobacteriales | Chitinophagaceae |
| Halomonas | Proteobacteria | Gammaproteobacteria | Oceanospirillales | Halomonadaceae |
| Herminiimonas | Proteobacteria | Betaproteobacteria | Burkholderiales | Oxalobacteraceae |
| Hydrogenimonas | Proteobacteria | Epsilonproteobacteria | Campylobacterales | Hydrogenimonaceae |
| Hyphomonas | Proteobacteria | Alphaproteobacteria | Caulobacterales | Hyphomonadaceae |
| Kistimonas | Proteobacteria | Gammaproteobacteria | Oceanospirillales | Hahellaceae |
| Kordiimonas | Proteobacteria | Alphaproteobacteria | Kordiimonadales | Kordiimonadaceae |
| Lebetimonas | Proteobacteria | Epsilonproteobacteria | Nautiliales | Nautiliaceae |
| Luteimonas | Proteobacteria | Gammaproteobacteria | Xanthomonadales | Xanthomonadaceae |
| Lutimonas | Bacteroidetes | Flavobacteria | Flavobacteriales | Flavobacteriaceae |
| Macromonas | Proteobacteria | Betaproteobacteria | Burkholderiales | Comamonadaceae |
| Malonomonas | Proteobacteria | Deltaproteobacteria | Desulfuromonadales | Desulfuromonadaceae |
| Marinomonas | Proteobacteria | Gammaproteobacteria | Oceanospirillales | Oceanospirillaceae |
| Maritimimonas | Bacteroidetes | Flavobacteria | Flavobacteriales | Flavobacteriaceae |
| Marixanthomonas | Bacteroidetes | Flavobacteria | Flavobacteriales | Flavobacteriaceae |
| Megamonas | Firmicutes | Negativicutes | Selenomonadales | Veillonellaceae |
| Methylohalomonas | Proteobacteria | Gammaproteobacteria | ||
| Methylomonas | Proteobacteria | Gammaproteobacteria | Methylococcales | Methylococcaceae |
| Miniimonas | Actinobacteria | Actinobacteria | Actinomycetales | Beutenbergiaceae |
| Neptunomonas | Proteobacteria | Gammaproteobacteria | Oceanospirillales | Oceanospirillaceae |
| Nitrosomonas | Proteobacteria | Betaproteobacteria | Nitrosomonadales | Nitrosomonadaceae |
| Oceanimonas | Proteobacteria | Gammaproteobacteria | Aeromonadales | Aeromonadaceae |
| Paraferrimonas | Proteobacteria | Gammaproteobacteria | Alteromonadales | Ferrimonadaceae |
| Parapusillimonas | Proteobacteria | Betaproteobacteria | Burkholderiales | Alcaligenaceae |
| Parvimonas | Firmicutes | Clostridia | Clostridiales | |
| Paucimonas | Proteobacteria | Betaproteobacteria | Burkholderiales | Burkholderiaceae |
| Pelomonas | Proteobacteria | Betaproteobacteria | Burkholderiales | Comamonadaceae |
| Petrimonas | Bacteroidetes | Bacteroidia | Bacteroidales | Porphyromonadaceae |
| Pleomorphomonas | Proteobacteria | Alphaproteobacteria | Rhizobiales | Methylocystaceae |
| Plesiomonas | Proteobacteria | Gammaproteobacteria | Enterobacteriales | Enterobacteriaceae |
| Polaromonas | Proteobacteria | Betaproteobacteria | Burkholderiales | Comamonadaceae |
| Porphyromonas | Bacteroidetes | Bacteroidia | Bacteroidales | Porphyromonadaceae |
| Propionicimonas | Actinobacteria | Actinobacteria | Actinomycetales | Propionibacteriaceae |
| Protomonas | Proteobacteria | Alphaproteobacteria | Rhizobiales | Methylobacteriaceae |
| Pseudoalteromonas | Proteobacteria | Gammaproteobacteria | Alteromonadales | Pseudoalteromonadaceae |
| Pseudofulvimonas | Proteobacteria | Gammaproteobacteria | Xanthomonadales | Xanthomonadaceae |
| Pseudomonas | Proteobacteria | Gammaproteobacteria | Pseudomonadales | Pseudomonadaceae |
| Pseudoxanthomonas | Proteobacteria | Gammaproteobacteria | Xanthomonadales | Xanthomonadaceae |
| Psychromonas | Proteobacteria | Gammaproteobacteria | Alteromonadales | Psychromonadaceae |
| Pusillimonas | Proteobacteria | Betaproteobacteria | Burkholderiales | Alcaligenaceae |
| Rhizomonas | Proteobacteria | Alphaproteobacteria | Sphingomonadales | Sphingomonadaceae |
| Rhodopseudomonas | Proteobacteria | Alphaproteobacteria | Rhizobiales | Bradyrhizobiaceae |
| Roseomonas | Proteobacteria | Alphaproteobacteria | Rhodospirillales | Acetobacteraceae |
| Rubrimonas | Proteobacteria | Alphaproteobacteria | Rhodobacterales | Rhodobacteraceae |
| Rugamonas | Proteobacteria | Gammaproteobacteria | Pseudomonadales | Pseudomonadaceae |
| Salinarimonas | Proteobacteria | Alphaproteobacteria | Rhizobiales | Bradyrhizobiaceae |
| Salinimonas | Proteobacteria | Gammaproteobacteria | Alteromonadales | Alteromonadaceae |
| Sediminimonas | Proteobacteria | Alphaproteobacteria | Rhodobacterales | Rhodobacteraceae |
| Selenomonas | Firmicutes | Negativicutes | Selenomonadales | Veillonellaceae |
| Silanimonas | Proteobacteria | Gammaproteobacteria | Xanthomonadales | Xanthomonadaceae |
| Silvimonas | Proteobacteria | Betaproteobacteria | Neisseriales | Neisseriaceae |
| Singularimonas | Proteobacteria | Gammaproteobacteria | Xanthomonadales | Sinobacteraceae |
| Sinomonas | Actinobacteria | Actinobacteria | Actinomycetales | Micrococcaceae |
| Solimonas | Proteobacteria | Gammaproteobacteria | ||
| Sphingomonas | Proteobacteria | Alphaproteobacteria | Sphingomonadales | Sphingomonadaceae |
| Stenotrophomonas | Proteobacteria | Gammaproteobacteria | Xanthomonadales | Xanthomonadaceae |
| Succinatimonas | Proteobacteria | Gammaproteobacteria | Aeromonadales | Succinivibrionaceae |
| Succinimonas | Proteobacteria | Gammaproteobacteria | Aeromonadales | Succinivibrionaceae |
| Sulfurimonas | Proteobacteria | Epsilonproteobacteria | Campylobacterales | Helicobacteraceae |
| Syntrophomonas | Firmicutes | Clostridia | Clostridiales | Syntrophomonadaceae |
| Tepidimonas | Proteobacteria | Betaproteobacteria | Burkholderiales | |
| Terrimonas | Bacteroidetes | Sphingobacteria | Sphingobacteriales | Chitinophagaceae |
| Thalassomonas | Proteobacteria | Gammaproteobacteria | Alteromonadales | Colwelliaceae |
| Thermanaeromonas | Firmicutes | Clostridia | Thermoanaerobacterales | Thermoanaerobacteraceae |
| Thermomonas | Proteobacteria | Gammaproteobacteria | Xanthomonadales | Xanthomonadaceae |
| Thiohalomonas | Proteobacteria | Gammaproteobacteria | ||
| Thiomonas | Proteobacteria | Betaproteobacteria | Burkholderiales | |
| Tolumonas | Proteobacteria | Gammaproteobacteria | Aeromonadales | Aeromonadaceae |
| Tranquillimonas | Proteobacteria | Alphaproteobacteria | Rhodobacterales | Rhodobacteraceae |
| Tropicimonas | Proteobacteria | Alphaproteobacteria | Rhodobacterales | Rhodobacteraceae |
| Wohlfahrtiimonas | Proteobacteria | Gammaproteobacteria | Xanthomonadales | Xanthomonadaceae |
| Xanthomonas | Proteobacteria | Gammaproteobacteria | Xanthomonadales | Xanthomonadaceae |
| Xylanimonas | Actinobacteria | Actinobacteria | Actinomycetales | Promicromonosporaceae |
| Zymomonas | Proteobacteria | Alphaproteobacteria | Sphingomonadales | Sphingomonadaceae |
See also
References
- ↑ Migula, W. (1894) Über ein neues System der Bakterien. Arb Bakteriol Inst Karlsruhe 1: 235–328.
- ↑ Migula, W. (1900) System der Bakterien, Vol. 2. Jena, Germany: Gustav Fischer.
- ↑ Pseudomonas entry in LPSN [Euzéby, J.P. (1997). "List of Bacterial Names with Standing in Nomenclature: a folder available on the Internet". Int J Syst Bacteriol 47 (2): 590–2. doi:10.1099/00207713-47-2-590. ISSN 0020-7713. PMID 9103655.]
- 1 2 3 Palleroni, N. J. (2010). "The Pseudomonas Story". Environmental Microbiology 12 (6): 1377–1383. doi:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2009.02041.x. PMID 20553550.
- ↑ Buchanan, R. E. (1955). "Taxonomy". Annual Review of Microbiology 9: 1–20. doi:10.1146/annurev.mi.09.100155.000245. PMID 13259458.
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