12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend

12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend

Unit insignia of 12. SS-Panzer-Division Hitlerjugend. The symbol was the result of a competition.
Active 1943–45
Country  Germany
Allegiance Adolf Hitler
Branch Waffen-SS
Type Panzer
Role Armoured warfare
Size Division
Part of I SS Panzer Corps
Commanders
Notable
commanders		 Fritz Witt
Kurt Meyer
Hugo Kraas

The 12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend ("Hitler Youth") was a German Waffen-SS armoured division during World War II. The majority of its junior enlisted men were drawn from members of the Hitler Youth, while the senior NCOs and officers were from other Waffen-SS divisions.

The division committed several war crimes while en route to and during the early battles in Normandy, including Ascq and Ardenne Abbey massacres. It first saw action on 7 June 1944 as part of the German defense of Caen.

In December 1944, the division was committed against the US Army in the Ardennes offensive. After the offensive's failure, which became known as the Battle of the Bulge, the division was sent east to participate in the defence of Budapest. The 12th SS eventually withdrew into Austria; on 8 May 1945 the division surrendered to the 7th US Army near the town of Enns.

After the war's end, several members of the division, including Kurt Meyer, were convicted of war crimes.

Formation and training

Panzergrenadiers on a Panzer IV during training 1943.

The idea of a Waffen-SS division composed of Hitlerjugend members was first proposed by SS-Gruppenführer Gottlob Berger to Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler in January 1943. The plan for a combat division made up of all Hitlerjugend members born in 1926 was passed on to Adolf Hitler for his approval. Hitler concurred, and on 13 February 1943, the official order for the creation of a Hitlerjugend division was issued.[1] SS-Oberführer Fritz Witt of 1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte (LSSAH) was appointed divisional commander. Personnel from the 1st SS Panzer Division LSSAH provided the regimental, battalion and most of the company commanders for the division.[2]

About 2000 personnel were transferred from the LSSAH and had an decisive influence on the character of the division. The following statement, taken from the surreptitious recording of POWs' conversations by the Allies, illustrates the type of officers that were commanding the new recruits. SS Untersturmfuhrer originally from LSSAH recounted the following from his time on the Eastern Front near the city of Orel in Russia:[3]

An MG 42 was set up in the main aisle of a church, [...] and the Russian men, women and children were taken into the church, without knowing at all what was happening. Then they were shot immediately with the MG 42 and petrol was poured on them and the whole place was set on fire.

In September 1943, Hitlerjugend had over 16,000 recruits on its roster, undergoing training in Beverloo Camp, Belgium. The indoctrination was often brutal. While in Allied captivity, an SS-man from the division recalled: "In the Waffen-SS you couldn't do anything if an Unterfuhrer hit you during the training. The purpose of the training is to make you just as they are; it's pure sadism." (The comments have also been taken from similar transcripts).[4]

In March 1944 the 12th SS was attached to the I SS Panzer Corps and transferred to Caen in Normandy.[5] At the beginning of June, the division's tank strength was over 150.

Ascq massacre

Main article: Ascq massacre

The division committed its first massacre while en route to Normandy. The division executed 86 French men on 1 April 1944 in Ascq, France, in a reprisal against the civilian population after the railway they were traveling on was sabotaged. The commander of the convoy, SS-Obersturmführer Walter Hauck, ordered troops to search and arrest all male members of the houses on both sides of the track. Altogether 70 men were shot beside the railway line and another 16 killed in the village itself. In 1949, Hauck was put on trial in Lille, France and was sentenced to death. His sentence was later commuted to life imprisonment. He was freed in 1957 after a further sentence reduction.

Ardenne Abbey massacre

A memorial to the executed Canadian soldiers in the garden of the Ardenne Abbey.

A further massacre was committed by the division on its second day of operations during Operation Overlord, the Allied invasion of France. During the evening of 7 June, 11 Canadian prisoners of war, soldiers from the North Nova Scotia Highlanders and the 27th Armoured Regiment (The Sherbrooke Fusilier Regiment), were shot in the back of the head.

Following a year of investigations from August 1944 to August 1945, the Canadian War Crimes Commission (CWCC) strove to discover the details of the murders. As commander of the regiment, Kurt Meyer was the prime suspect.[6] At Meyer’s war crimes trial in December 1945, he was found guilty of inciting his troops to commit murder and of being responsible as a commander for the killings at the Abbey. He was sentenced to death on 28 December 1945; however, his sentence was commuted to life imprisonment in 1946. He was released in 1954.

Normandy campaign

An SS-Panzergrenadier in Normandy, 21 June 1944

On 6 June 1944, the 12th SS Panzer Division, along with the 21st Panzer Division, were the closest Panzer divisions to the landing beaches, but they were unable to move until they got authorization from Hitler. The 12th SS ordered to the front at 1430 hours on 6 June, over twelve hours after the first reports of the landings. Prior to this Field Marshal Gerd von Rundstedt had ordered over half of the division to deal with a parachute landing on the coast near Lisieux which were found to be dummies from Operation Titanic.[7]

At 1000 hours on 7 June, the 25th SS Panzergrenadier Regiment, along with 50 Panzer IV tanks of the 2nd Battalion of Max Wünsche's 12th SS Panzer Regiment, arrived and moved into position north west of Caen.[8] Supported by a battalion of artillery (3rd Battalion, 12th SS Panzer Regiment), this battle group was ordered to stop the advancing Canadian infantry and tanks and drive through to the coast, a few kilometres away.[9]

British POWs captured by the Hitlerjugend, 21 June 1944 (also possibly 46th Commando)

However, they failed to break through the Canadians around Buron, a kilometer to the north. Meyer, however, countermanded the divisional commander's order on his own initiative, feeling that objective unrealistic, and hoped to merely stop the flow of Canadian units inland until the situation could be stabilized.[10]

The attack by the 12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend was supposed to have been supported by the 21st Panzer Division but they could not disengage from fighting the British 3rd Infantry Division and were still at Couvre.[11] Casualties of the 25th SS Panzergrenadier Regiment amounted to about 300 men. 15 tanks from the 12th SS Panzer Regiment were also destroyed.[12]

Late on 7 June, the 26th SS Panzergrenadier Regiment under command of SS-Obersturmbannfuhrer Wilhelm Mohnke arrived on the battlefield. Meyer's attack had pushed back one part of the Canadian advance but to the west of Meyer, the 7th Canadian Infantry Brigade had occupied a group of small villages three kilometres into the German line. The 26th Panzergrenadier Regiment crossed behind Meyer's regiment and took up positions to their west. The 1st Battalion launched an attack towards Norrey-en-Bessin, defended by the Regina Rifles of the 7th Canadian Infantry Brigade, 3rd Canadian Division. Their orders were to overrun the Canadians and force a deep wedge between them and the British division to the west. No reconnaissance of the Canadian positions was done and the infantry met intense defensive fire from firmly established positions.[13]

Dead German SS soldier; Normandy 19 June 1944

The attack, launched at 0330 hours, 8 June had little initial success. The various companies in the attacking Battalion failed to coordinate their moves towards the Canadians and, despite high casualties, Canadian artillery and supporting heavy machine guns of the Cameron Highlanders of Ottawa took a heavy toll on each attacking company of SS troops. The Regina Rifles held their ground and the 1st Battalion fell back. The division was criticized for performing inadequately in the opening days of the Normandy campaign.[9] and Canadian Brigadier Harry Foster later noted that "no use was made of the fact that the Reginas' flanks were exposed; instead, the enemy flung himself straight against the strongest points and utterly failed to exploit the undoubted weakness of his opponent's position".[14]

On the Canadian right the 2nd Battalion attacked the Royal Winnipeg Rifles defending the village of Putot-en-Bessin at 0630 hours. The Battalion managed to break into the village and surround several companies, effectively pushing the Winnipeg Rifles out of the village by 1300 hours and inflicting 256 casualties – of which 175 were taken prisoner.[15]

9 August 1944 A captured Panzergrenadier of the Hitlerjugend, with Canadian guards.

The 3rd Canadian Division ceased major combat operations until July, with only one day of major operations, on 11 June, at Le Mesnil-Patry. This saw the 12th SS inflict major casualties to the Queen's Own Rifles of Canada and the 1st Hussars (6th Armoured Regiment) which lost 51 Sherman tanks during the attack.[16] Also on 11 June the 46th Royal Marine Commando assaulted Rots. The official historian of Le Régiment de la Chaudière, described the "ferocious battle" including hand-to-hand fighting and "smoldering" tanks: "from each blackened turret hangs the charred corpse of a machine gunner".[17] The division was driven from its positions in Buron and nearby villages of Gruchy and Cussy, and the divisional command post in the Ardenne Abbey, which had been occupied since before D-Day, was also lost.[18]

During their retreat from France, members of the LSSAH and Hitlerjugend division murdered 34 French civilians in the towns of Tavaux and Plomion.[19] The units in the Division that were not fit for combat were ordered to pull back to Germany on 8 September, leaving behind a small Kampfgruppe attached to the 2nd SS Panzer Division Das Reich. It was formed around the 2nd Battalion, 26th SS Panzergrenadier Regiment with a mixed artillery battalion.[20]

The Division losses during the fighting in Normandy, in the three months from June to September, included 55 officers, 229 NCOs and 1,548 troops killed. A further 128 officers, 613 NCOs and 3,684 had been wounded with 58 officers, 182 NCOs and 2,012 reported missing. This was a combined total of 241 officers, 1,024 NCOs and 7,244 men.[21]

Ardennes offensive

In September, SS-Obersturmbannführer Hubert Meyer was placed in command of the division.[22] The operation opened on 16 December 1944, with Kampfgruppe Peiper from the 1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler breaking through the American lines with some difficulty. After the 12th SS reached the front, it was met with heavy resistance from American troops stationed on the Elsenborn Ridge. Despite repeated efforts, the division could not budge the American defenders. As a result, the division was ordered to swing left and follow the advance line of the remainder of the 1st SS Panzer Division. American troops prevented the division from reaching its objective, and after the destruction of Kampfgruppe Peiper from the LSSAH, the advance of Dietrich's forces were altogether stopped. On 8 January Hitler gave the authorization to withdraw. The attack was ultimately a failure. The 12th SS had been severely mauled, with only 26 tanks and assault guns and an average of 120 men remaining in each battalion.[23] In total during the offensive the division had lost 9,870 men which included 328 officers and 1,698 NCO's.[24] By 28 January 1945, the 12th SS, along with all the German forces, had been pushed back to its starting positions.

1945

On 14 January 1945, Dietrich's 6th SS Panzer Army was ordered east to Hungary where it was to take part in an offensive to recapture the Hungarian oilfields and open the way to Budapest,[24] where 45,000 men of the IX SS Mountain Corps had been encircled. While the division was in transit, the IV SS Panzer Corps launched several unsuccessful relief operations. The 12th SS, alongside the LSSAH as a part of I SS Panzer Corps arrived in Hungary in early February 1945, a few days before the city fell. The division next took part in Operation Spring Awakening, the operation to retake the Hungarian oilfields. The attack got underway on 6 March 1945; after initial success, the combination of the muddy terrain and strong Soviet resistance ground them to a halt.[25] On 16 March, the Soviets forces counterattacked in strength, which forced the entire southern front to retreat towards Vienna. The Soviet forces took Vienna on 13 April.[26] Withdrawing through Odenburg and Hirtenberg, the division reached Linz, Austria near the American lines. On 8 May 1945, 10,000 personnel of the division surrendered near the town of Enns to the troops of the 65th Infantry Division commanded by Major General Stanley Eric Reinhart.[27]

See also

References

Citations

  1. ↑ Meyer, Hubert (2005). The 12th SS: The History of the Hitler Youth Panzer Division. Stackpole Books. p. 2.
  2. ↑ Reynolds, Michael (2008). Steel Inferno. Spellmount Publishing. pp. 10–11.
  3. ↑ Neitzel & Welzer 2012, p. 309.
  4. ↑ Neitzel & Welzer 2012, p. 313.
  5. ↑ Reynolds, Michael (2008). Steel Inferno. Spellmount Publishing. p. 16.
  6. ↑ Priestman, Karen (2003). The Kurt Meyer Case: The Press and the Canadian People’s Response to Canada’s First War Crimes Trial. Wilfrid Laurier University Press, pp. 22, 24.
  7. ↑ Barbier, p.113
  8. ↑ Meyer, Kurt (2001). Grenadiers. JJ Fedorowicz Publishing LTD. p. 225.
  9. 1 2 Stacey, op. cit., p. 137 and Haller, Oliver: "The Defeat of the 12th SS 7–10 June 1944", in Canadian Military History Quarterly, Volume 3, Issue 1 Available online. Accessed 6 April 2009. Archived 30 April 2009.
  10. ↑ Stacey, ibid. Stacey notes that Meyer's own notes were not explicit on this point.
  11. ↑ Haller, The defeat of the 12th SS from 7–10 June 1944 (From: Canadian Military History, Spring 1996)
  12. ↑ Copp, Fields of Fire: The Canadians in Normandy, p67
  13. ↑ Stacey, C.P. The Official History of the Canadian Army in the Second World War Volume 3: The Victory Campaign
  14. ↑ Stacey, C. P. (1959). Official History of the Canadian Army in the Second World War Volume III. Queen's Printer. p. 279.
  15. ↑ Zuehlke, Mark (2005). Holding Juno. [Douglas&McIntyre]. ISBN 1-55365-102-2.
  16. ↑ Martin, Charles Cromwell Battle Diary See also Stacey, op. cit.
  17. ↑ Battle of Caen: The Stalingrad of the Hitler Youth by Gerhard Rempel
  18. ↑ Stacey, Charles Perry (1960). Vol. III - The Victory Campaign (PDF). Official History of the Canadian Army in the Second World War. Ottawa: The Queen's Printer and Controller of Stationery. p. 161.
  19. ↑ Beevor, Antony (2010). D-Day: The Battle for Normandy. Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-311818-3.
  20. ↑ Meyer, Hubert (2005). The 12th SS: The History of the Hitler Youth Panzer Division Volume 2. Stackpole Books. p. 171.
  21. ↑ Meyer, Hubert (2005). The 12th SS: The History of the Hitler Youth Panzer Division Volume 2. Stackpole Books. p. 173.
  22. ↑ Meyer, Kurt (2001). Grenadiers. JJ Fedorowicz Publishing LTD. p. 237.
  23. ↑ Mitchum, Samuel (2006). Panzers in Winter; Hitlers Army and the Battle of the Bulge. Greenwood Publishing group. p. 158.
  24. 1 2 Mitchum, Samuel (2006). Panzers in Winter; Hitler's Army and the Battle of the Bulge. Greenwood Publishing group. p. 160.
  25. ↑ Stein 1984, p. 238.
  26. ↑ Dollinger 1967, p. 198.
  27. ↑ McNab 2009, p. 182.

Bibliography

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