1834 in science

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The year 1834 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

Events

• March – William Whewell (anonymously) first publishes the term scientist in the Quarterly Review, but notes it as "not generally palatable".^[1]

Astronomy

• March 14 – John Herschel discovers the open cluster of stars now known as NGC 3603.^[2]
• Hermann Helmholtz proposes gravitational contraction as the energy source for the Sun.
• Johann Heinrich von Mädler and Wilhelm Beer publish Mappa Selenographica, the most complete map of the moon up to this time.
• Thomas Henderson is appointed first Astronomer Royal for Scotland.

Biology

• James Paget discovers in human muscle the parasitic worm that causes trichinosis.
• Félix Dujardin proposes that single-cell animals should be classified in a group by themselves.

Geology

• The Triassic is named by Friedrich August von Alberti for the three distinct layers of redbeds, capped by chalk, followed by black shales that are found throughout Germany and Northwest Europe, called the 'Trias'.

Mathematics

• Charles Babbage begins the conceptual design of an "analytical engine", a mechanical forerunner of the modern computer. It will not be built in his lifetime.^[3][4][5]

Mechanics

• Carl Gustav Jakob Jacobi discovers his uniformly rotating self-gravitating ellipsoids.
• Scottish naval architect John Scott Russell first observes a nondecaying solitary wave (a soliton, which he calls "the Wave of Translation") while watching a boat hauled through the water of the Union Canal near Edinburgh, subsequently using a tank to study the dependence of solitary wave velocities on amplitude and liquid depth.^[6]

Medicine

• Joseph-François Malgaigne publishes Manuel de medecine operatoire.
• St. Vincent's Hospital is set up in Dublin by Mary Aikenhead, staffed by the Religious Sisters of Charity,^[7] the first hospital staffed by nuns in the English-speaking world.

Physics

• Émile Clapeyron presents a formulation of the second law of thermodynamics.
• Michael Faraday publishes "On Electrical Decomposition" in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, in which he coins the words electrode, anode, cathode, anion, cation, electrolyte and electrolyze.^[8]
• Heinrich Lenz discovers Lenz's law.
• Jean-Charles-Athanase Peltier discovers the Peltier effect.

Technology

• June 21 – Cyrus McCormick receives his first patent for a mechanical reaper, in the United States.^[9]
• December 23 – English architect Joseph Hansom patents the Hansom cab.^[5][10]
• Joseph Chaley’s Grand Pont Suspendu in Fribourg is the first suspension bridge with cables assembled in mid-air.^[11]
• Jacob Perkins created a cooling machine that used ice. it was an early refrigerator.^[12]

Awards

• Copley Medal: Giovanni Plana

Births

• January 7 – Johann Philipp Reis (died 1874), physicist and inventor.
• January 15 – Frederick DuCane Godman (died 1919), lepidopterist, entomologist and ornithologist.
• January 17 – August Weismann (died 1914), biologist.
• February 7 – Dmitri Mendeleev (died 1907), chemist.
• February 16 – Ernst Haeckel (died 1919), zoologist.
• February 20 (O.S. February 8) – Nikolai Kaufman (died 1870), botanist.
• March 17 – Gottlieb Daimler (died 1900), engineer and automotive pioneer.
• April 30 – John Lubbock (died 1913), naturalist and archaeologist.
• June – William Chester Minor (died 1920), surgeon and lexicographer.
• July 6 – Henry Haversham Godwin-Austen (died 1923), surveyor, geologist and naturalist.
• August 5 – Ewald Hering (died 1918), physiologist.
• August 22 – Samuel Pierpont Langley (died 1906), astronomer.
• August 29 – Hermann Sprengel (died 1906), chemist.
• September 30 – Carl Schorlemmer (died 1892), organic chemist.
• December 15 – Charles Augustus Young (died 1908), astronomer.

Deaths

• January 8 – Jacques Labillardière (born 1755), French naturalist.
• January 17 – Giovanni Aldini (born 1762), Italian physicist.
• February 16 – Lionel Lukin (born 1742), English inventor.
• February 26 – Alois Senefelder (born 1771), German inventor.
• August 7 – Joseph Marie Jacquard (born 1752), French inventor.
• September 9 – James Weddell (born 1787), Anglo-Scots seal hunter and Antarctic explorer.
• October 10 – Thomas Say (born 1787), American naturalist.

References

1. "scientist, n.". Oxford English Dictionary online version. Oxford University Press. March 2011. Retrieved 2011-04-05. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
2. Sher, D. (1965). "The Curious History of NGC 3603". Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada 59: 76. Bibcode:1965JRASC..59...67S.
3. Hyman, Anthony (1982). Charles Babbage: pioneer of the computer. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-858170-X.
4. "Babbage's Analytical Engine, 1834-1871 (Trial model)". Science Museum (London). Archived from the original on 20 September 2010. Retrieved 2010-10-01.
5. Palmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992). The Chronology of British History. London: Century Ltd. pp. 259–260. ISBN 0-7126-5616-2.
6. Russell, J. Scott (September 1844), "Report on waves", Fourteenth meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science (PDF), York, pp. 311–390, retrieved 2012-08-28
7. Meenan, F. O. C. (1995). St Vincent's Hospital 1834–1994. Dublin: Gill and Macmillan. ISBN 0-7171-2151-8.
8. Faraday, Michael (1834). "On Electrical Decomposition". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 124: 77–122. doi:10.1098/rstl.1834.0008.
9. Iles, George (1912). "Cyrus H. McCormick". Leading American Inventors (2nd ed.). New York: Henry Holt and Company. pp. 276–314. Retrieved 31 December 2011.
10. Penguin Pocket On This Day. Penguin Reference Library. 2006. ISBN 0-14-102715-0.
11. Peters, Tom F.; Andrea L. (1987). Transitions in Engineering: Guillaume Henri Dufour and the early 19th century Cable Suspension Bridges. Basel: Birkhauser. ISBN 3-7643-1929-1.
12. http://www.softschools.com/timelines/inventions_of_the_1800s_timeline/262/ softschools.com