1843 in science

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The year 1843 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

Ada Lovelace, computing pioneer

Plaque on Broom Bridge, Cabra, Dublin commemorating where William Rowan Hamilton inscribed his formula for quaternions

Cyanotype photogram by Anna Atkins

Astronomy

• March 11–14 – Eta Carinae flares to become the second brightest star.
• February 5–April 19 – "Great March Comet" observed.
• Heinrich Schwabe reports a periodic change in the number of sunspots: they wax and wane in number according to a ten-year cycle.

Chemistry

• Carl Mosander discovers Terbium and Erbium.
• John J. Waterston produces an account of the kinetic theory of gases.^[1]

Mathematics

• September – Ada Lovelace translates and expands Menabrea’s notes on Charles Babbage's analytical engine, including an algorithm for calculating a sequence of Bernoulli numbers, regarded as the world's first computer program.^[2][3][4]
• October 16 – William Rowan Hamilton discovers the calculus of quaternions and deduces that they are non-commutative.^[5]
• Arthur Cayley and James Joseph Sylvester found the algebraic invariant theory.
• John T. Graves discovers the octonions.
• Pierre-Alphonse Laurent discovers and presents the Laurent expansion theorem.

Physics

• James Prescott Joule experimentally finds the mechanical equivalent of heat.^[6]

Physiology and medicine

• British surgeon James Braid publishes Neurypnology: or the Rationale of Nervous Sleep, a key text in the history of hypnotism.
• Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr., argues that puerperal fever is spread by lack of hygiene in physicians.^[7]

Technology

• March 25 – Completion of the Thames Tunnel, the first bored underwater tunnel in the world (engineer: Marc Isambard Brunel).^[8]
• July 19 – Launch of SS Great Britain, the first iron-hulled, propeller-driven ship to cross the Atlantic Ocean (designer: Isambard Kingdom Brunel).^[9]
• November 21 – Thomas Hancock patents the vulcanisation of rubber using sulphur in the United Kingdom
• The steam powered rotary printing press is invented by Richard March Hoe in the United States.^[10]
• Robert Stirling and his brother James convert a steam engine at a Dundee factory to operate as a Stirling engine.
• The first public telegraph line in the United Kingdom is laid between Paddington and Slough.

Publications

• October – Anna Atkins begins publication of Photographs of British Algae: Cyanotype Impressions, a collection of contact printed cyanotype photograms of algae which forms the first book illustrated with photographic images.^{[11][12][13][14]}

Awards

• Copley Medal: Jean-Baptiste Dumas
• Wollaston Medal for Geology: Jean-Baptiste Elie de Beaumont; Pierre Armand Dufrenoy

Births

• January 13 – David Ferrier (died 1928), Scottish neurologist.
• May 6 – G. K. Gilbert (died 1918), American geologist.
• June 12 – David Gill (died 1914), Scottish astronomer.
• July 24 – William de Wiveleslie Abney (died 1920), English astronomer.
• August 17 – Alexandre Lacassagne (died 1924), French forensic scientist.
• December 11 – Robert Koch (died 1910), German physician, famous for the discovery of the tubercle bacillus (1882) and the cholera bacillus (1883) and for his development of Koch's postulates; awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1905

Deaths

• July 25 – Charles Macintosh (born 1766), Scottish inventor of a waterproof fabric.
• August 10 – Robert Adrain (born 1775), Irish American mathematician.
• September 11 – Joseph Nicollet (born 1786), French geographer, explorer, mathematician and astronomer.
• September 19 – Gaspard-Gustave Coriolis (born 1792), French mathematician and discoverer of the Coriolis effect.
• September 30 – Richard Harlan (born 1796), American zoologist.
• November 16 – Abraham Colles (born 1773), Anglo-Irish surgeon.

References

1. Thoughts on the Mental Functions; being an attempt to treat metaphysics as a branch of the physiology of the nervous system. Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd. 1843.
2. Fuegi, John; Francis, Jo (October–December 2003). "Lovelace & Babbage and the creation of the 1843 'notes'". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing 25 (4): 16–26. doi:10.1109/MAHC.2003.1253887.
3. "Ada Byron, Lady Lovelace". Archived from the original on 21 July 2010. Retrieved 2010-07-11.
4. Menabrea, L. F. (1843). "Sketch of the Analytical Engine Invented by Charles Babbage". Scientific Memoirs 3. Archived from the original on 13 September 2010. Retrieved 2010-10-01.
5. "William Rowan Hamilton Plaque". Geograph. 2007. Retrieved 2011-03-08.
6. Joule, J. P. (1843). "On the Mechanical Equivalent of Heat". Abstracts of the Papers Communicated to the Royal Society of London 5: 839. doi:10.1098/rspl.1843.0196. Retrieved 2012-01-27.
7. "The Contagiousness of puerperal fever". New England Quarterly Journal of Medicine and Surgery.
8. Smith, Denis (2001). London and the Thames Valley. London: Thomas Telford. p. 17. ISBN 0-7277-2876-8.
9. "Royal Visit". The Bristol Mirror. 20 July 1843. pp. 1–2.
10. Meggs, Philip B. (1998). A History of Graphic Design (3rd ed.). Wiley. p. 147. ISBN 978-0-471-29198-5. It receives U.S. Patent 5,199 in 1847 and is placed in commercial use the same year.
11. Parr, Martin; Badger, Gerry (2004). The Photobook: a history, Volume I. London: Phaidon. ISBN 0-7148-4285-0.
12. James, Christopher (2009). The Book of Alternative Photographic Processes (PDF) (2nd ed.). Clifton Park, NY: Delmar Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-1-4180-7372-5. Retrieved 2009-08-11.
13. "Photography. Cyanotype photograph. Anna Atkins (1799-1871)". Seeing is Believing: 700 years of scientific and medical illustration. New York Public Library. 2001 [1843]. Retrieved 2009-08-11.
14. Peres, Michael R. (2007). The Focal Encyclopedia of Photography: Digital Imaging, Theory and Applications, History, and Science (4th ed.). Amsterdam; Boston: Elsevier/Focal Press. ISBN 978-0-240-80740-9.