1951 British Mount Everest reconnaissance expedition

The 1951 British Mount Everest reconnaissance expedition reconnoitred various possible routes for climbing Mount Everest from Nepal and the only one they considered feasible was via the Khumbu Icefall, Western Cwm and South Col. After World War II, with Tibet closing its borders and Nepal becoming considerably more open, Mount Everest reconnaissance from Nepal had become possible for the first time culminating in the successful ascent of 1953.

Background

In 1950 a highly informal trek involving Charlie Houston and Bill Tilman reached what was to become Everest Base Camp on the Khumbu Glacier. They did not provide a very encouraging report about whether the summit could be reached from there but thought an attempt might be feasible.[1]

Topographical knowledge in 1951

By 1951 the location of the South Col was well known – it had been seen from the east in Tibet and photographed from the air – but it had never been possible to view its western side. There remained three main aspects of a route to Everest via the Western Cwm where the difficulties were unknown – the Icefall, the climb up to the South Col, and the ascent to the final ridge. The best evidence about the Icefall was from Tilman and Houston who were the only people to have seen it close up and who considered it difficult but achievable. The Western Cwm had been glimpsed several times but it was not clear whether its floor was relatively flat or maybe it sloped up towards the head of the glacier below the South Col. A pronounced slope might make ascending the valley more awkward but it would reduce the height to be climbed at the head of the valley. Regarding the final ridge, Tilman and Houston had seen a very steep ridge, quite possibly unclimbable, but they realised that appearances might have been deceptive.[note 1] What they had been looking at might have been blocking the view of the true ridge from the South Col to the summit. The 1921 reconnaissance had ascended the Kama valley east of Everest to approach the Kangshung Face. Observing the South Col from that side they had seen a seemingly easier ridge linking it to the summit.[3][4]

Early in 1951 Michael Ward, an Everest enthusiast, carefully studied the relevant photographs and maps in the Royal Geographical Society archives and he happened to find some photographs taken clandestinely by the RAF in 1945. One of these showed the north face of Lhotse and part of the terrain between the head of the Western Cwm and the South Col. Another showed a broad, snow-covered ridge (the Southeast ridge) stretching from the summit down to the South Col and a clearly separate steeper ridge falling from near the summit down into the Western Cwm.[3][5]

Expedition preparations

On the basis of this photographic evidence, Ward proposed to the Himalayan Committee a reconnaissance expedition to make direct inspections from the ground. Despite support from Bill Murray and Campbell Secord the committee was reluctant to ask for approval from Nepal (and, Ward believed, hoped it would be refused) and were surprised when permission was granted.[6][7] Murray was to be leader and Ward, Secord, Tom Bourdillon, Alfred Tissiers formed the initial party but when Eric Shipton turned up, expelled from his post as British consul in Kunming, China, he was persuaded to take on the leadership. Shipton's prestige helped gain sponsorship from The Times.

Trekking route from railhead at Jogbani to Khumbu Glacier

Shipton himself, discouraged by Tilman's discoveries, was not hopeful of finding a route – he rated the chances as 30 to one – but he was very keen to visit Solu Khumbu, the home of his pre-war Sherpa friends. Secord and Tissieres had to withdraw and Shipton, anxious to keep the party small, rejected various distinguished applicants. Only after he had left for Delhi did he agree to accept two additional climbers – self-selected from the four New Zealand climbers who were just completing an expedition in Garhwal Himalaya[note 2] It was Earle Riddiford and Ed Hillary who hurried to meet the rest of the team. With twelve Sherpas and Ang Tharkay as sirdar the main party departed Jogbani on 27 August 1951 and the New Zealanders caught up with them on 8 September at Dingla.[6][8][9]

Hillary was nervous about meeting Shipton, the most famous living Himalayan mountaineer, and was worried his own colonial upbringing might not be up to the standards expected by the English. He wrote later "As we came into the room, four figures rose to meet us. My first feeling was one of relief. I had rarely seen a more disreputable bunch, and my visions of changing for dinner faded away for ever".[10]

Khumbu Glacier and Icefall

The party took the same route as Houston and Tilman except for a minor detour at Dingla to avoid a bridge that had been swept away. After a month-long trek in the late monsoon they reached Namche Bazaar and on 30 September Shipton and Hillary climbed sufficiently far up Pumori that they had the first good view up the Western Cwm.[note 3] The Cwm sloped to a height of about 23,000 feet (7,000 m), which was 2,000 feet (610 m) higher than expected, so that a climb up the Lhotse glacier to about 25,000 feet (7,600 m) would lead to a traverse to the South Col. This was all encouraging but the Icefall looked to be a problem. All the same, Hillary was already able to look forward to a summit attempt in 1952.[12][13]

Meanwhile, Riddiford and Pasang had found a way through most of the lower icefall and on 4 October Shipton, Hillary, Riddiford and Bourdillon with three Sherpas reached 30 feet (9 m) below the crest of the icefall when a relatively minor avalanche decided Shipton to turn back. He was unwilling to risk the lives of the inexperienced Sherpas who could not make an informed decision about the considerable unavoidable risks. From Shipton's point of view they had determined that a possible route had been found, it could not be attempted in the conditions of deep snow then prevailing, and he wanted to see if there were alternative routes to the top from the east or west.[14]

Exploration of Everest's southern foothills

Routes reconnoitred near Everest

Ward, Bourdillon, Riddiford and Murray started a three-week trek by heading west from the Khumbu valley, trying to find the Chola Khola. At the head of this valley they had been told (wrongly) there was a pass into Tibet, presumably to the West Rongbuk Glacier. However, their map was inaccurate, and they in fact reached the Ngojumba glacier, the main source of the Dudh Khosi, and immediately at the foot of Cho Oyu. They went north along Cho Oyu's east face but could see no route towards its summit. They then headed for Nup La[note 4] but progress was slowed by two considerable icefalls so they abandoned the attempt and travelled back to Namche Bazaar improving the mapping of the Chola Khola region as they went.[15]

Meanwhile, Shipton and Hillary descended the Khumbu and then travelled east up the Imja glacier which is south of the Lhotse–Nuptse wall. They hoped to find a pass over to the Barun glacier and thence a further pass west of Pethangse[note 5] However, they found no crossing to the Barun and so they headed south down the Hongu glacier and were eventually able to reach the Barun but were too far south to reach Pethangtse in the time available. They returned to Khumbu by crossing the south ridge of Ama Dablam.[16]

The entire party met up again and made another attempt to climb the Khumbu Icefall but they found there had been a major collapse of ice and everywhere was highly unstable. A few days later, on 28 October, conditions had improved and they reached the top of the icefall only to encounter a 100-yard (90 m) crevasse splitting the glacier from side to side and separating it from the almost horizontally-flowing glacier in the Western Cwm itself. They retreated after forming the opinion that ice conditions might be more stable for a springtime expedition, after the consolidation of the winter snows. On 30 October they were back at Namche Bazaar.[17]

Kathmandu via the Gaurishankar range

The party was to return home via Kathmandu to the west so they traversed the completely unexplored region between the Bhote Koshi river of Sola Khumbu and the Rongshar valley in Tibet. They crossed a new pass, naming it the Menlung La, and one side expedition reached the Nangpa La (which had been incorrectly positioned on their map) and spotted two possible routes up the northwest face of Cho Oyu. Another group discovered and named Menlungtse. They discovered and photograhed some animal tracks that they could not identify but which the Sherpas said were of a yeti. Passing north of Gaurishankar they headed southwest and then west to reach Kathmandu on 21 November.[18]

Preparations for 1953 expedition

Even while they were still investigating the Khumbu Icefall, Shipton reported back to the Himalayan Committee that they had found "a practicable route from the West Cwm to the summit of Mount Everest". They intended to mount an expedition for 1952 to make an attempt on the summit. However, already in May 1951 Nepal had accepted a Swiss application to attempt Everest. Shipton went to Zurich to tell the Swiss of his findings and there were discussions about various ideas for a combined Swiss–British team but nothing came of the proposals. Instead, Nepal gave permission for a British attempt on Cho Oyu in 1952 followed by Everest in 1953.[19]

The 1952 Swiss Mount Everest expedition very nearly reached the summit so the minds of the British mountaineering community and establishment became strongly focussed on their 1953 slot, particularly because France had been granted an opportunity for 1954.[20] Shipton had become well known and popular with the public and he was the obvious leader with a long and distinguished track record in Himalaya.[21] He did however have broader perspectives than Everest and after Cho Oyo he did not return home but continued trekking with Hillary. Back in London things were stirring. Some climbers, including some of those on the Cho Oyo expedition, approached the Himalayan Committee about Shipton's perceived lack of drive and single-minded commitment and the Committee did not disagree.

The most likely alternative leader was John Hunt, a colonel in the army who had been a member of the Alpine Club since 1935 and had mountaineering experience in the Karakoram and the Alps. He had climbed to 24,500 feet (7,500 m) and was only turned down for the 1936 British Mount Everest expedition because of an adverse (and incorrect) medical report about a heart murmer.[note 6][23] During the war he had been an instructor for the Commando Mountain and Snow Warfare school in Scotland. He was well known for his organisational abilities and he was friendly with several members of the Himalayan Committee.[24]

When Shipton returned home and was called to a meeting of the Himalayan Committee on 28 July 1952 he still did not know his leadership had been called into question. His main opponents were not present and no one liked to tell him what had been happening. Shipton, indeed, expressed his own doubts about his leadership – he preferred small, exploratory, trekking-style expeditions and disliked a competitive element. Nonetheless the committee said he was their choice as leader and supported his proposal for Charles Evans to be co-leader. Behind the scenes Hunt was offered the co-leadership and when the two men met and discovered they had been told different stories they were both dismayed. Hunt thought his chance at Everest had gone. At the next meeting of the committee it was Shipton's allies who were not there and Shipton was asked to leave the room while the leadership was discussed. When he returned he was told his involvement could only be as co-leader and even that would have to be surrendered once Base Camp had been reached. He was told a man of "dynamic personality, drive and enthusiasm" was required. The Committee went on to send a telegram to Hunt appointing him as leader without waiting for Shipton to reply. Shipton decided he would not take part in the expedition.[25]

There was an outcry amongst active mountaineers. Bourdillon resigned his appointment to the 1953 expedition but was persuaded by Shipton to reconsider. Hillary sent a telegram "Consider change most unwise. New Zealand climbers owe you considerable debt of gratitude". Murray, however, whilst deploring the Committee's methods, privately thought Hunt would be the better leader. Hunt returned to London in October and started with the preparations for the 1953 British Mount Everest expedition.[26][27]

Notes

  1. ↑ What they were looking at is now known as the South Pillar (or South Buttress) and it was first climbed in 1980. It descents steeply in a southwest direction from Everest's South Summit to the floor of the Western Cwm. The Southeast ridge goes from the true summit to the South Col and has a more moderate slope.[2]
  2. ↑ Shipton had met Dan Bryant on the 1935 British Mount Everest reconnaissance expedition and had formed a positive view of New Zealand climbers.
  3. ↑ They had ascended 2,000 feet (610 m) higher than Tilman and Houston.[11]
  4. ↑ Nup La is a col that had been reached from Tibet during the 1924 British Mount Everest expedition but it had not been crossed. It was first crossed by Hillary and George Lowe in 1952.
  5. ↑ Pethangtse lies on the ridge between Lhotse and Makalu. A pass east of Pethangtse had been reached from the Kama valley by the 1921 British Mount Everest reconnaissance expedition.
  6. ↑ The report had gone on to warn him to be careful climbing stairs.[22]

References

Citations

  1. ↑ Isserman & Weaver (2008), pp. 254–262.
  2. ↑ Unsworth, Walt (2000). Everest: The Mountaineering History. Seattle, WA, US: Mountaineers Books. p. 659. ISBN 978-0898866704.
  3. 1 2 Isserman & Weaver (2008), p. 262.
  4. ↑ Ward & Clark (1992), particularly page 55.
  5. ↑ Ward & Clark (1992), particularly Plates IV and V.
  6. 1 2 Isserman & Weaver (2008), pp. 262–264.
  7. ↑ Murray (1952), p. 433.
  8. ↑ Unsworth (1981), pp. 268–271.
  9. ↑ Shipton (2013), 169/718.
  10. ↑ Unsworth (1981), p. 271.
  11. ↑ Isserman & Weaver (2008), p. 264.
  12. ↑ Unsworth (1981), pp. 272–273.
  13. ↑ Isserman & Weaver (2008), pp. 264–265.
  14. ↑ Unsworth (1981), pp. 272–276.
  15. ↑ Murray (1953), pp. 155–160.
  16. ↑ Murray (1953), pp. 160–161.
  17. ↑ Murray (1953), pp. 161–164.
  18. ↑ Murray (1953), pp. 165–168.
  19. ↑ Isserman & Weaver (2008), pp. 266–267.
  20. ↑ Isserman & Weaver (2008), p. 274.
  21. ↑ Unsworth (1981), p. 278.
  22. ↑ "Obituary: Lord Hunt". Telegraph. 2 November 1998. Retrieved 19 March 2015.
  23. ↑ Isserman & Weaver (2008), pp. 274–275.
  24. ↑ Isserman & Weaver (2008), p. 275.
  25. ↑ Isserman & Weaver (2008), pp. 275–277.
  26. ↑ Isserman & Weaver (2008), pp. 277–278.
  27. ↑ Perrin (2013), p. 377.

Works cited

Further reading

This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the Monday, April 18, 2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.