1978 in spaceflight

1978 in spaceflight
Orbital launches
The Pioneer Venus Orbiter atop an Atlas-Centaur before launch
First	6 January
Last	28 December
Total	128
Catalogued	124
National firsts
Space traveller	Czechoslovakia Poland East Germany
Rockets
Retirements	Atlas-Agena Mu-3H
Manned flights
Orbital	5
Total travellers	10

1978 saw the launch of the Pioneer Venus missions launched by the United States, on 20 May and 8 August. The Pioneer Venus Multiprobe landed four spacecraft on the planet, one of which transmitted data for 67 minutes before being destroyed by atmospheric pressure. ISEE-C, which was launched on 8 December, flew past comet 1P/Halley in 1985.^[1]

Launches

Date and time (UTC)	Rocket		Launch site		LSP
	Payload	Operator	Orbit	Function	Decay (UTC)	Outcome
	Remarks
10 January 12:26:00	Soyuz-U		Baikonur Site 1/5
	Soyuz 27		Low Earth (Salyut 6)	Salyut 6 EP-1	16 March 11:18	Successful
	Manned flight with two cosmonauts
20 January 08:25	Soyuz-U		Baikonur Site 31/6
	Progress 1		Low Earth (Salyut 6)	Salyut 6 logistics	8 February 02:00	Successful
	Maiden flight of Progress spacecraft
2 March 15:28:10	Soyuz-U		Baikonur Site 1/5
	Soyuz 28		Low Earth (Salyut 6)	Salyut 6 EP-2	10 March 11:24	Successful
	Manned flight with two cosmonauts, first Czechoslovakian in space
15 June 20:16:45	Soyuz-U		Baikonur Site 1/5
	Soyuz 29		Low Earth (Salyut 6)	Salyut 6 EO-2	31 September 11:40	Successful
	Manned flight with two cosmonauts
16 June 10:49	Delta 2914		Cape Canaveral LC-17B
16 June 10:49	GOES 3	NOAA	Geostationary	Weather	In orbit	Operational
27 June 15:27:21	Soyuz-U		Baikonur Site 1/5
	Soyuz 30		Low Earth (Salyut 6)	Salyut 6 EP-3	5 July 13:30	Successful
	Manned flight with two cosmonauts, first Pole in space
26 August 14:51:30	Soyuz-U		Baikonur Site 1/5
	Soyuz 31		Low Earth (Salyut 6)	Salyut 6 EP-4	2 November 11:04	Successful
	Manned flight with two cosmonauts, first East German in space

Deep Space Rendezvous

Date (GMT)	Spacecraft	Event	Remarks
4 December	Pioneer Venus Orbiter	Cytherocentric orbit insertion
9 December	Pioneer Venus Multiprobe	Venerian atmospheric entry	The bus, one large and three small subprobes
21 December	Venera 12	Venerian landing
25 December	Venera 11	Venerian landing

EVAs

Start Date/Time	Duration	End Time	Spacecraft	Crew	Remarks
29 July 04:00	2 hours 20 minutes	06:20	Salyut 6 PE-2	Vladimir Kovalyonok Aleksandr Ivanchenkov	Ivanchenkov retrieved samples and experiments attached to the outside of Salyut. Kovalyonok assisted with the retrievals and used a color television camera to transmit EVA images to the ground controllers.

References

Kyle, Ed. "Space Launch Report".
Wade, Mark. "Encyclopedia Astronautica".
Krebs, Gunter. "Chronology of Space Launches". Gunter's Space Page.
"Space Information Center". JAXA.
McDowell, Jonathan. "Jonathan's Space Report". Jonathan's Space Page.
"NASASpaceFlight.com".
"Space Calendar". NASA JPL.
"Southwest Space Archive".
"Launch Forecast". Space.com.
"Spaceflight Now".
Pietrobon, Steven. "Steven Pietrobon's Space Archive".
"U.S. Space Objects Registry".
"Хроника освоения космоса ('Chronicle of space exploration')" (in Russian). Cosmoworld.ru.

Generic references:

Footnotes

↑ Hughes, J (1996) Larousse Desk Reference Encloypedia London RD Press

Timeline of spaceflight
1940s					1944	1945	1946	1947	1948	1949
1950s	1950	1951	1952	1953	1954	1955	1956	1957	1958	1959
1960s	1960	1961	1962	1963	1964	1965	1966	1967	1968	1969
1970s	1970	1971	1972	1973	1974	1975	1976	1977	1978	1979
1980s	1980	1981	1982	1983	1984	1985	1986	1987	1988	1989
1990s	1990	1991	1992	1993	1994	1995	1996	1997	1998	1999
2000s	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009
2010s	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018

← 1977 · Orbital launches in 1978 · 1979 →

Kosmos 974 \| Intelsat IVA F-3 \| Soyuz 27 \| Kosmos 975 \| Kosmos 976 · Kosmos 977 · Kosmos 978 · Kosmos 979 · Kosmos 980 · Kosmos 981 · Kosmos 982 · Kosmos 983 \| Kosmos 984 \| Kosmos 985 \| Progress 1 \| Molniya-3 No.20 \| Kosmos 986 \| Fanhui Shi Weixing 4 \| IUE \| Kosmos 987 \| Kyokko \| Kosmos 988 \| OPS 6291 \| Kosmos 989 \| Ume 2 \| Kosmos 990 \| OPS 5111 \| OPS 6031 \| Kosmos 991 \| Soyuz 28 \| Molniya-1-39 \| Kosmos 992 \| Landsat 3 · OSCAR 8 · PIX-1 \| Kosmos 993 \| Kosmos 994 \| OPS 0460 · OPS 7858 \| Kosmos 995 \| OPS 9439 · OPS 9440 \| Kosmos 996 \| Kosmos 997 · Kosmos 998 \| Kosmos 999 \| Kosmos 1000 \| Intelsat IVA F-6 \| Kosmos 1001 \| Kosmos 1002 \| OPS 8790 \| Yuri 1 \| Kosmos 1003 \| HCMM \| OPS 6183 \| Kosmos 1004 \| OTS-2 \| Kosmos 1005 \| Kosmos 1006 \| OPS 5112 \| Kosmos 1007 \| Kosmos 1008 \| Kosmos 1009 \| Pioneer Venus Orbiter \| Kosmos 1010 \| Kosmos 1011 \| Kosmos 1012 \| Ekran No.13L \| Molniya-1-40 \| Kosmos 1013 · Kosmos 1014 · Kosmos 1015 · Kosmos 1016 · Kosmos 1017 · Kosmos 1018 · Kosmos 1019 · Kosmos 1020 \| Kosmos 1021 \| OPS 9454 \| Kosmos 1022 \| OPS 4515 \| Soyuz 29 \| GOES 3 \| Kosmos 1023 \| Seasat \| Soyuz 30 \| Kosmos 1024 \| Kosmos 1025 \| Comstar 1C \| Kosmos 1026 \| Progress 2 \| GEOS-2 \| Molniya-1-41 \| Gran' No.14L \| Kosmos 1027 \| OPS 7310 \| Kosmos 1028 \| Progress 3 \| Pioneer Venus Multiprobe \| ISEE-3 \| Ekran No.15L \| Molniya-1-41 \| Soyuz 31 \| Kosmos 1029 \| Kosmos 1030 \| Venera 11 \| Kosmos 1031 \| Venera 12 \| Jikiken \| Kosmos 1032 \| Kosmos 1033 \| Progress 4 \| Kosmos 1034 · Kosmos 1035 · Kosmos 1036 · Kosmos 1037 · Kosmos 1038 · Kosmos 1039 · Kosmos 1040 · Kosmos 1041 \| Kosmos 1042 \| OPS 5113 \| Kosmos 1043 \| Molniya-3 No.22 \| TIROS-N \| Kosmos 1044 \| Ekran No.14L \| Nimbus 7 · CAMEO \| Interkosmos 18 · Magion 1 \| Kosmos 1045 · RS-1 · RS-2 \| Prognoz 7 \| Kosmos 1046 \| Einstein \| Kosmos 1047 \| Kosmos 1048 \| NATO 3C \| Kosmos 1049 \| Kosmos 1050 \| Kosmos 1051 · Kosmos 1052 · Kosmos 1053 · Kosmos 1054 · Kosmos 1055 · Kosmos 1056 · Kosmos 1057 · Kosmos 1058 \| Kosmos 1059 \| Kosmos 1060 \| OPS 5114 \| OPS 9441 · OPS 9442 \| Kosmos 1061 \| Kosmos 1062 \| Anik B1 · DRIMS \| Kosmos 1063 \| Gorizont No.11L \| Kosmos 1064 \| Kosmos 1065 \| Kosmos 1066 \| Kosmos 1067 \| Kosmos 1068 \| Kosmos 1069

Payloads are separated by bullets ( · ), launches by pipes ( \| ). Manned flights are indicated in bold text. Uncatalogued launch failures are listed in italics. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are denoted in (brackets).

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