2–3 tree

2-3 tree
Type Tree
Invented 1970
Invented by John Hopcroft
Time complexity
in big O notation
Average Worst case
Space O(n) O(n)
Search O(log n) O(log n)
Insert O(log n) O(log n)
Delete O(log n) O(log n)

In computer science, a 2–3 tree is a tree data structure, where every node with children (internal node) has either two children (2-node) and one data element or three children (3-nodes) and two data elements. According to Knuth, "a B-tree of order 3 is a 2-3 tree." Nodes on the outside of the tree (leaf nodes) have no children and one or two data elements.[1][2] 2−3 trees were invented by John Hopcroft in 1970.[3]

2–3 trees are an isometry of AA trees, meaning that they are equivalent data structures. In other words, for every 2–3 tree, there exists at least one AA tree with data elements in the same order. 2–3 trees are balanced, meaning that each right, center, and left subtree contains the same or close to the same amount of data.

Definitions

We say that an internal node is a 2-node if it has one data element and two children.

We say that an internal node is a 3-node if it has two data elements and three children.

We say that T is a 2–3 tree if and only if one of the following statements hold:

Properties

Operations

Searching

Searching for an item in a 2–3 tree is similar to searching for an item in a binary search tree. Since the data elements in each node are ordered, a search function will be directed to the correct subtree and eventually to the correct node which contains the item.

  1. Let T be a 2–3 tree and d be the data element we want to find. If T is empty, then d is not in T and we're done.
  2. Let r be the root of T.
  3. Suppose r is a leaf. If d is not in r, then d is not in T. Otherwise, d is in T. In particular, d can be found at a leaf node. We need no further steps and we're done.
  4. Suppose r is a 2-node with left child L and right child R. Let e be the data element in r. There are three cases:
    • If d is equal to e, then we've found d in T and we're done.
    • If d < e, then set T to L, which by definition is a 2–3 tree, and go back to step 2.
    • If d > e, then set T to R and go back to step 2.
  5. Suppose r is a 3-node with left child L, middle child M, and right child R. Let a and b be the two data elements of r, where a < b. There are four cases:
    • If d is equal to a or b, then d is in T and we're done.
    • If d < a, then set T to L and go back to step 2.
    • If a < d < b, then set T to M and go back to step 2.
    • If d > b, then set T to R and go back to step 2.

Insertion

Insertion works by searching for the proper location of the key and adds it there. If the node becomes a 4-node then the node is split into two 2-nodes and the middle key is moved up to the parent. The diagram illustrates the process.

See also

References

  1. Gross, R. Hernández, J. C. Lázaro, R. Dormido, S. Ros (2001). Estructura de Datos y Algoritmos. Prentice Hall. ISBN 84-205-2980-X.
  2. Aho, Alfred V.; Hopcroft, John E.; Ullman, Jeffrey D. (1974). The Design and Analysis of Computer Algorithms. Addison-Wesley., p.145-147
  3. Cormen, Thomas (2009). Introduction to Algorithms. London: The MIT Press. p. 504. ISBN 978-0262033848.

External links


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